Immune activation and immune-associated neurotoxicity in Long-COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 studies comprising 58 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors

Almulla, Abbas F.; Thipakorn, Yanin; Zhou, Bo; Vojdani, Aristo; Maes, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.036

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2024

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Cited by 3 publications

References 140 publications

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Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms

Almulla,

Maes,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Journal of Advanced Research

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Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms

Almulla,

Maes,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Journal of Advanced Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in long COVID disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Almulla,

Thipakorn,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Neuroscience

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Elevated Liver Damage Biomarkers in Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Almulla,

Thipakorn,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background:Long COVID (LC) presents with complex pathophysiology,affecting multiple organs and producing a range of symptoms,from neuropsychiatric disturbances to multi-organ dysfunction.Liver damage has emerged as a notable feature,yet no systematic review or meta-analysis has comprehensively evaluated the biomarkers confirming liver injury in LC patients. Objective:The present study aims to examine blood-based biomarkers of liver damage in LC disease. Methods:A search of PubMed,Google Scholar, SciFinder,and SCOPUS identified 61 eligible studies,including 7172 participants,with 3404 LC patients and 3768 controls. Results:Our analysis identified a significant increase in the liver damage index among LC patients,with a moderate effect size (standardized mean difference,SMD = 0.553;confidence intervals; 95% CI: 0.305;0.760) compared to normal controls. Additionally,LC patients exhibited marked elevations in alanine aminotransferase(SMD = 0.615;95% CI:0.351;0.878), aspartate aminotransferase(SMD=0.352;95%CI:0.068;0.637), gamma-glutamyl transferase(SMD=0.969;95% CI:0.194;1.745), and lactate dehydrogenase (SMD = 0.666; 95% CI: 0.332;0.999) activities. Moreover, significant reductions were observed in total protein (SMD = -0.326; 95% CI: -0.631 to -0.021) and platelet count (SMD = -0.424; 95% CI: -0.756 to -0.091), alongside increases in prothrombin time (SMD = 0.633;95%CI:0.0771.189),ferritin(SMD=0.437;95% CI: 0.0690.805),Ddimer(SMD=0.359;95%CI:0.1440.573), and fibrinogen(SMD=1.063;95%CI:0.412;1.714). Conclusion:This study suggests that LC is associated with persistent liver damage and coagulopathy,highlighting the need to incorporate liver injury into treatment strategies to reduce potential risks.

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Immune activation and immune-associated neurotoxicity in Long-COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 studies comprising 58 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors

Cited by 3 publications

References 140 publications

Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms

Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms

The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in long COVID disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Elevated Liver Damage Biomarkers in Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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