2009
DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.38
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Immune Adjuvants in Early Life: Targeting the Innate Immune System to Overcome Impaired Adaptive Response

Abstract: The neonatal phase is a transitory period characterized by an absence of memory cells, favoring a slow adaptive response prone to tolerance effects and the development of Th2-type responses. However, when appropriately stimulated, neonates may achieve an immune response comparable with adult counterparts. One strategy to stimulate the immunological response of neonates or children in early infancy has been to explore natural or synthetic ligands of cell receptors to stimulate innate immunity. The use of adjuva… Show more

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Cited by 26 publications
(25 citation statements)
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“…There are qualitative and quantitative immunological differences between neonates and adult counterparts (Adkins et al, 2004), such as the impaired activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cell (APC), skewed Th2 immune response and low antibody production (Adkins 1999;Dadaglio et al 2002). However, when neonates are appropriately stimulated, they may achieve an adequate immune response that is comparable to adult mice (De Brito et al 2009;Siegrist 2001). Therefore, developing vaccines able to direct antigen trafficking to the compartments containing class II MHC molecules, allowing CD4+ T cell activation, may be essential to trigger immunogenicity in the neonatal period.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are qualitative and quantitative immunological differences between neonates and adult counterparts (Adkins et al, 2004), such as the impaired activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cell (APC), skewed Th2 immune response and low antibody production (Adkins 1999;Dadaglio et al 2002). However, when neonates are appropriately stimulated, they may achieve an adequate immune response that is comparable to adult mice (De Brito et al 2009;Siegrist 2001). Therefore, developing vaccines able to direct antigen trafficking to the compartments containing class II MHC molecules, allowing CD4+ T cell activation, may be essential to trigger immunogenicity in the neonatal period.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to the immaturity of the immune response, vaccines that are otherwise protective in adults are ineffective in early life (3). To counteract this problem, one approach is to develop adjuvants that can boost the immunogenicity of vaccines in infants (4). While there are a range of adjuvant formulations that are currently included in licensed vaccines (5), the unique nature of the neonatal immune response means that targeted approaches are required.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The neonatal antibody response to conventional subunit and live attenuated vaccine antigens is of limited magnitude and duration, and CD8 ϩ T-cell responses also are reduced compared to adults (4)(5)(6). The predisposition of the neonatal immune system toward a T H 2 response is caused by the suboptimal innate immune response, with delayed maturation of neonatal dendritic cells (DCs) and limited production of inflammatory cytokines, which leads to inefficient antigen presentation and stimulation of naive T cells (7)(8)(9)(10). Therefore, many vaccines that are effective in adults are poorly immunogenic in early life, hence requiring multiple booster immunizations (5).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%