2008
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0157
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Immune defence, parasite evasion strategies and their relevance for ‘macroscopic phenomena’ such as virulence

Abstract: The discussion of host-parasite interactions, and of parasite virulence more specifically, has so far, with a few exceptions, not focused much attention on the accumulating evidence that immune evasion by parasites is not only almost universal but also often linked to pathogenesis, i.e. the appearance of virulence. Now, the immune evasion hypothesis offers a deeper insight into the evolution of virulence than previous hypotheses. Sensitivity analysis for parasite fitness and life-history theory shows promise t… Show more

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Cited by 214 publications
(181 citation statements)
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References 148 publications
(220 reference statements)
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“…Specific strategies that viruses and bacteria use to avoid immune recognition, response and destruction, have been identified (Finlay and McFadden 2006;Schmid-Hempel 2009). These strategies are both complex and diverse, as illustrated below.…”
Section: Evasion Strategies Utilised By Infectious Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…Specific strategies that viruses and bacteria use to avoid immune recognition, response and destruction, have been identified (Finlay and McFadden 2006;Schmid-Hempel 2009). These strategies are both complex and diverse, as illustrated below.…”
Section: Evasion Strategies Utilised By Infectious Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Encountering them from a mosquito bite seems much more likely. Various studies suggest that the effective dose for successful infection may often be surprisingly small and that co-operatively acting bacteria tend to have higher infective doses than bacteria where the factors are injected individually (Schmid-Hempel 2009).…”
Section: The Links Between Mosquitoes and Pathogensmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The importance of IL-12 in Th1 immunity is further exemplified by the specific targeting of IL-12 activity by intracellular pathogens as a means of evading host immunity. Thus, IL-12 is implicated in the evolution of virulence mechanisms shaping host-pathogen interactions [13]. IL-12 production and release occurs early in the immune response following TLR recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [1,2].…”
Section: Il-12 Is a Heterodimeric Cytokine Composed Of An α-Chain (P3mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The importance of IL-12 in Th1 immunity is further exemplified by the specific targeting of IL-12 activity by intracellular pathogens as a means of evading host immunity. Thus, IL-12 is implicated in the evolution of virulence mechanisms shaping host-pathogen interactions [13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%