Immune Defenses in European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) Post Exposure to Formalized Killed Bacterin of Vibrio vulnificus

Abstract

Global fish production increased by 1.2% in 2022, reaching 184.1 million tonnes, with output from aquaculture expected to grow by 2.6% (FAO, 2023). According to the current consumption, aquaculture production needs to increase from 82,087 in 2018 to 129,000 kilotons in 2050 to meet global needs (Naylor et al., 2021; Boyd et al., 2022). European eel has a complex biological cycle involving marine, brackish, and freshwater habitats (Elgendy et al., 2016). Eel reproduction faces difficulties due to