Immune Environment and Immunotherapy in Endometrial Carcinoma and Cervical Tumors

Abstract

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the seventh most common tumor in women, and prognosis of recurrent and metastatic disease is poor. Cervical cancer (CC) represents the fifth most common gynecological cancer. While ECs are more common in developed countries, the incidence of CC has decreased due to the recent implementation of large screening and vaccination programs. Until very recently, patients with advanced or unresectable EC or CC had very limited treatment options and were receiving in first line setting platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy (CT). Significant progress in the treatment of gynecological cancers has occurred in the last few years, with the use of innovative targeted therapies and immunotherapy. However, targeting the immune system in patients with gynecological tumors remains challenging and is not always successful. In ovarian cancer, several immunotherapy treatment regimens have been investigated (as monotherapy and combination therapy in first and subsequent lines of treatment) and showed poor responses. Therefore, we specifically focused our review on EC and CC for their specific immune-related features and therapeutic results demonstrated with immunotherapy. We report recent and current immunotherapy-based clinical trials and provide a review of emerging data that are likely to impact immunotherapy development based on increased biomarkers’ identification to monitor response and overcome resistance.

Potential Roles and Future Perspectives of Chitinase 3-like 1 in Macrophage Polarization and the Development of Diseases

“…Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common gynecological diseases, with over 417,367 new cases worldwide each year [144]. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most important and common methods in contemporary EC treatment [145].…”

Prediction of Mismatch Repair Status in Endometrial Cancer from Histological Slide Images Using Various Deep Learning-Based Algorithms

“…The use of IHC for MMR status classification involves examining the expression of MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), MutS homolog 6 (MSH6), and post-meiotic segregation increase 2 (PMS2) [17]. In endometrial cancer, the high detection rate of dMMR underscores the utmost importance of immunologic profiles [14,20]; however, testing for detailed molecular profiles (including MMR status) in every endometrial cancer patient can be expensive and time-consuming, which could complicate the course of treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative molecular classification methods in order to reduce the associated financial and time costs.…”