Immune expulsion of parasitic nematodes from the alimentary tract

Rothwell, T.L.W.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(89)90003-9

Cited by 156 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 261 publications

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“…Host immunity Lower-level, trickle-type, nematode infections are often tolerated by hosts, whereas mass invasions of the same parasites may invoke strong immune responses and an expulsion of all established worms (Behnke et al, 1992;Rothwell, 1989). Given these dose-dependent responses of hosts, climate-driven higher infections levels may not necessarily present the optimum strategy for population growth of parasites (e.g.…”

Section: Changing Host-parasite Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions

Dijk

Sargison

Kenyon

et al. 2010

Animal

206

123

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In the UK, recent mean temperatures have consistently increased by between 18C and 48C compared to the 30-year monthly averages. Furthermore, all available predictive models for the UK indicate that the climate is likely to change further and feature more extreme weather events and a trend towards wetter, milder winters and hotter, drier summers. These changes will alter the prevalence of endemic diseases spatially and/or temporally and impact on animal health and welfare. Most notable among these endemic parasites are the helminths, which have been shown to be very strongly influenced by both the shortterm weather and climate through effects on their free-living larval stages on pasture. In this review, we examine recent trends in prevalence and epidemiology of key helminth species and consider whether these could be climate-related. We identify likely effects of temperature and rainfall on the free-living stages and some key parasite traits likely to determine parasite abundance under changed climatic conditions. We find clear evidence that climate change, especially elevated temperature, has already changed the overall abundance, seasonality and spatial spread of endemic helminths in the UK. We explore some confounders and alternative explanations for the observed patterns. Finally, we explore the implications of these findings for policy makers and the livestock industry and make some recommendations for future research priorities.

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Section: Changing Host-parasite Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions

Dijk

Sargison

Kenyon

et al. 2010

Animal

206

123

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“…Studies with rodents have provided considerable information about cytokine regulation of host defense against intestinal nematodes (2,3); however, little is known as to how effector cells expel intestinal nematodes, and no molecules so far are known that are directly responsible for worm expulsion (4,5). The role of mast cells in worm expulsion has been studied extensively in various experimental host-parasite systems (6 -8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role of Mast Cell Glycosaminoglycans for the Immunological Expulsion of Intestinal Nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis

Maruyama

Yabu

Yoshida

et al. 2000

The Journal of Immunology

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We examined effects of mast cell glycosaminoglycans on the establishment of the intestinal nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis, in the mouse small intestine. When intestinal mastocytosis occurred, surgically implanted adult worms could not invade and establish in the intestinal mucosa. In mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice, inhibition of adult worm invasion was not evident as compared with littermate +/+ control mice. Mucosal mastocytosis and inhibition of S. venezuelensis adult worm mucosal invasion was tightly correlated. To determine effector molecules for the invasion inhibition, adult worms were implanted with various sulfated carbohydrates including mast cell glycosaminoglycans. Among sulfated carbohydrates tested, chondroitin sulfate (ChS)-A, ChS-E, heparin, and dextran sulfate inhibited invasion of adult worms into intestinal mucosa in vivo. No significant inhibition was observed with ChS-C, desulfated chondroitin, and dextran. ChS-E, heparin, and dextran sulfate inhibited adhesion of S. venezuelensis adult worms to plastic surfaces in vitro. Furthermore, binding of intestinal epithelial cells to adhesion substances of S. venezuelensis, which have been implicated in mucosal invasion, was inhibited by ChS-E, heparin, and dextran sulfate. Because adult worms of S. venezuelensis were actively moving in the intestinal mucosa, probably exiting and reentering during infection, the possible expulsion mechanism for S. venezuelensis is inhibition by mast cell glycosaminoglycans of attachment and subsequent invasion of adult worms into intestinal epithelium.

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“…A characteristic feature of such responses to gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections is mucosal mastocytosis (MMC) which peaks soon after the elimination of worms (e.g., Trichinella spiralis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis) and is believed to be one of several components of the overall response leading to worm expulsion (Rothwell 1989), although the exact role of mast cells in expulsion is still controversial (Moqbel & MacDonald 1990). Mastocytosis in response to G I nematode infections is orchestrated by activated T lymphocytes, which reside in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) (Grencis, Riedlinger & Wakelin 1985) and which drive the response through the secretion of a number of cytokines (e.g., IL-3, IL-4, IL-9 and IL-10) all of which are required for an optimal response (Finkelman et al 1991, Grencis, Hultner & Else 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): downregulation of specific cytokine secretion (IL‐9 and IL‐10) correlates with poor mastocytosis and chronic survival of adult worms

Behnke

Wahid

Grencis

et al. 1993

Parasite Immunology

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Immune expulsion of parasitic nematodes from the alimentary tract

Cited by 156 publications

References 261 publications

Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions

Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions

A Role of Mast Cell Glycosaminoglycans for the Immunological Expulsion of Intestinal Nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis

Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): downregulation of specific cytokine secretion (IL‐9 and IL‐10) correlates with poor mastocytosis and chronic survival of adult worms

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