Immune Fitness and the Psychosocial and Health Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in The Netherlands: Methodology and Design of the CLOFIT Study

Kiani, Pantea; Merlo, Agnese; Saeed, H.M.; Benson, Sarah; Bruce, Gillian; Hoorn, R. van der; Kraneveld, Aletta D.; Loo, Aurora J. A. E. van de; Severeijns, Noortje R; Sips, A.S.M.; Scholey, Andrew; Garssen, Johan; Verster, Joris C.

doi:10.3390/ejihpe11010016

Cited by 29 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In contrast, a reduction in alcohol consumption was shown to be an adequate coping mechanism for lockdown related mood and stress effects, for maintaining adequate immune fitness, and to reduce their susceptibility of experiencing COVID-19-related symptoms. Our findings, summarized in Figure 7, are in line with previous publications outlined in the introduction, showing that the COVID-19 lockdown and associated mood changes may have differential effects on individuals' alcohol consumption [15,21,[35][36][37]. The association between increased drinking behaviour and poorer mood and depression during the pandemic has also been observed in Australia [26,33], the UK [15], Belgium [22], Greece [27], and the USA [14,23,35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In our first analysis of the alcohol consumption data of the Dutch 'Corona Lockdown: how fit are you?' (CLOFIT) study we found no overall effect on alcohol consumption when comparing lockdown versus pre-lockdown weekly alcohol consumption [36,37]. However, in this study, the sample analysed for alcohol consumption was not a homogenous group, and included both participants that increased or decreased alcohol consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Data of alcohol consumers who completed the CLOFIT study were analysed [36]. The CLOFIT study was an online survey which was conducted between 24 June and 26 July 2020.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alcohol Consumption Patterns during COVID-19 Lockdown and Their Relationship with Perceived Immune Fitness and Reported COVID-19 Symptoms

et al. 2021

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Since the outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, lockdown periods have been installed to counteract the spread of the virus. These lockdowns, characterized by social isolation, have been associated with mood changes and increased stress. Individuals have used various strategies to cope with the negative effects of being in lockdown, including increasing the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate mood before and during lockdown of individuals who reported consuming more, less, or the same amount of alcohol during lockdown, and examine how this impacts and perceived immune fitness and the presence and severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Analysis included a sub-sample from the ‘Corona Lockdown: how fit are you?’ (CLOFIT) study, comprising N = 761 participants who reported consuming alcohol in 2020. The results of the online survey showed that half of the participants did not alter their weekly alcohol consumption during lockdown (50.4%), whereas 25.9% of drinkers reported a reduction and 23.8% reported an increase in weekly alcohol consumption. Compared to individuals that did not alter their drinking behaviour, both increased and reduced alcohol consumption during lockdown was associated with poorer mood and higher stress levels. Increased alcohol consumption was associated with significantly reduced perceived immune fitness and a high presence and severity of COVID-19 symptoms. This effect was not significant among individuals with reduced or unaltered alcohol consumption.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Alcohol Consumption Patterns during COVID-19 Lockdown and Their Relationship with Perceived Immune Fitness and Reported COVID-19 Symptoms

et al. 2021

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“…A subsample of alcohol consumers from an online survey was used for the current analysis ( Kiani et al. , 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Hangover Across the Lifespan: Impact Of Sex and Age

Verster

Severeijns

Sips

et al. 2021

Alcohol and Alcoholism

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Aim To investigate the relationship between age and hangover frequency and severity. Method An online survey, generated through Facebook, collected self-report data relating to alcohol consumption from 761 Dutch alcohol consumers aged 18–94 years (61.6% female). Results Overall, young individuals consumed more alcohol than older drinkers, and men more than women. Significant interactions between age group and sex were found for both subjective intoxication and hangover severity, indicating that the sex differences in these variables were greatest in the younger age groups but became significantly smaller or absent in the older age groups. Partial correlations, correcting for estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC), revealed significant and negative partial correlations between age and subjective intoxication (r = −0.444, P < 0.0001), age and hangover severity (r = −0.327, P < 0.0001) and between age and hangover frequency (r = −0.195, P < 0.0001), i.e. subjective intoxication, hangover severity and hangover frequency decline with age. With regard to sex differences, the observed correlations with age for the past month heaviest drinking occasion were stronger in men for subjective intoxication, (z = −2.25, P = 0.024), hangover severity (z = −3.36, P = 0.0008) and hangover frequency (z = −3.63, P = 0.0003). Conclusions Hangover severity declines with age, even after controlling for eBAC or the amount of alcohol consumed. Sex differences were greatest in the younger age groups but became significantly smaller or absent in the older age groups. The relationship between age and hangover severity is strongly mediated by subjective intoxication. Pain sensitivity, lower with aging, might be a mediator.

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“…The current analysis includes data collected from the “Corona Lockdown: how fit are you?” (CLOFIT) study [ 33 ]. An online survey was conducted between 24th of June and the 26th of July 2020 to investigate the psychosocial and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in The Netherlands.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mood and Changes in Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Model Explaining Associations with Perceived Immune Fitness and Experiencing COVID-19 Symptoms

Merlo

Severeijns

Benson

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown on mood states, stress, alcohol consumption and perceived immune fitness in a Dutch sample. Analysis included a subsample from the “Corona Lockdown: how fit are you?” (CLOFIT) study, comprising N = 761 participants who reported consuming alcohol in 2020. Results show that, compared to pre-lockdown, the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 2020) was associated with experiencing poorer mood (e.g., anxiety, depression, loneliness, fatigue) and increased stress levels. Among younger participants (18 to 35 years old), a significant decrease in weekly alcohol consumption was found during COVID-19 lockdown, which was not significant in older individuals. For the younger age cohort (18 to 35 years old), increased stress significantly correlated to increased weekly alcohol consumption (r = 0.163, p = 0.003), which in turn, correlated significantly to reporting a poorer perceived immune fitness (r = −0.165, p = 0.002). Poorer perceived immune fitness correlated significantly with increases in the presence and severity of COVID-19 symptoms (r = −0.313, p < 0.001, and r = −0.325, p < 0.001, respectively). The data provides evidence for significant relationships between changes in mood, stress and alcohol consumption during COVID-19 lockdown, and supports a model that links these changes to perceived immune fitness and susceptibility to experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.

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Immune Fitness and the Psychosocial and Health Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in The Netherlands: Methodology and Design of the CLOFIT Study

Cited by 29 publications

References 67 publications

Alcohol Consumption Patterns during COVID-19 Lockdown and Their Relationship with Perceived Immune Fitness and Reported COVID-19 Symptoms

Alcohol Consumption Patterns during COVID-19 Lockdown and Their Relationship with Perceived Immune Fitness and Reported COVID-19 Symptoms

Alcohol Hangover Across the Lifespan: Impact Of Sex and Age

Mood and Changes in Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Model Explaining Associations with Perceived Immune Fitness and Experiencing COVID-19 Symptoms

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