Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): Evaluation of mitogen-induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen and thymus

DeGuise, Sylvain; Bernier, Jacques; Dufresne, Monique; Martineau, Daniel; Béland, Pierre; Fournier, Michel

doi:10.1016/0165-2427(95)05490-1

Cited by 47 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For the evaluation of cell proliferation, methods already developed for beluga whales were used [15]. Briefly, the cells were cultured for 66 h at 37ЊC with 5% CO 2 with or without mitogen and pulsed for the last 18 h with 0.5 Ci of [ 3 H]thymidine (6.7 Ci/mmol) (ICN, Mississauga, ON, Canada) in each well.…”

Section: Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of in Vitro Exposure of Beluga Whale Splenocytes and Thymocytes to Heavy Metals

Guise¹,

Bernier²,

Martineau³

et al. 1996

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-The effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale splenocytes and thymocytes to different concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ), cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ), and lead chloride (PbCl 2 ) were evaluated. The cells were cultured for 66 h with either concanavalin A (Con-A), phytohemagglutinin-P, or without mitogen, after which percentage of cell death and proliferation were evaluated. Increased percentage of cell death was observed in Con-A-stimulated thymocytes cultured with HgCl 2 , while the viability of splenocytes was not affected by exposure to metals. Decreased splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation was observed with the highest concentration of HgCl 2 and CdCl 2 (10 Ϫ5 M), while lower concentrations of these metals (10 Ϫ6 and 10 Ϫ7 M) as well as all the different concentrations of PbCl 2 (10 Ϫ4 , 10 Ϫ5 , and 10 Ϫ6 M) did not significantly influence cell proliferation. Concentrations of metals that were found to affect the proliferation of beluga lymphocytes are similar to those found in the liver of beluga whales from wild populations.

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Section: Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of in Vitro Exposure of Beluga Whale Splenocytes and Thymocytes to Heavy Metals

Guise¹,

Bernier²,

Martineau³

et al. 1996

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…It includes adaptive and innate branches, each with specific cell types and functions that can be quantified. The in vitro mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assay measures the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in response to a broad, not antigenspecific stimulation, as a representation of an initial and important first step of the adaptive immune response (De Guise et al 1996). Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules secreted by numerous cells of the immune system, which determine the direction and magnitude of an immune response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in immune functions in bottlenose dolphins in the northern Gulf of Mexico associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Guise¹,

Levin²,

Gebhard³

et al. 2017

Endang. Species. Res.

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Following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, the Natural Resource Damage Assessment conducted comprehensive health assessments on common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in Barataria Bay (BB), Louisiana, in 2011Louisiana, in , 2013Louisiana, in and 2014, as well as in Mississippi Sound (MS) in 2013, to assess potential health effects from exposure to oil compared to Sarasota Bay (SB), Florida dolphins not exposed to DWH oil. Immune functions demonstrated a consistent increase in T (BB 2011) and B (BB 2011 and lymphocyte proliferation compared to SB. Cytokine concentrations varied considerably in wild dolphin populations, and no significant differences were found; however, interesting trends were observed. The Th1 cytokines IL-2, IL-12, and IFNγ, and the Th2 cytokines IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, were 2-to 50-fold lower, and IL-4 was 3-fold higher, in BB 2011 compared to SB. Overall, the changes observed were compatible with those documented in other species following exposure to oil or PAHs and were most pronounced in BB 2011, at the place and time most affected by oil. The changes in T cell functions, and the trend towards a cytokine balance tilted towards a Th2, rather than a Th1 response, are compatible with intra-cellular bacterial infections such as Brucella, which has been identified as one of the potential contributory factors to perinatal dolphin mortalities, and changes in B cell functions are compatible with an increase in extra-cellular bacterial infections and primary bacterial pneumonia.

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“…Subsequently, addition of 2-Me to culture media was found beneficial for growth/ function of other cell types, including those of other species. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed for 2-Me's action in tissue culture, 22,23 it, as well as other sulfhydryl compounds, are generally categorized (a) as free radical reaction inhibitors/scavengers, 24 and/or (b) to maintain (i) appropriate protein sulfhydryl-disulfide moieties for function, (ii) nature's endogenous thiol-disulfide-factors, such as glutathione and thioredoxin, at functional concentrations and proper cellular redox balance, [25][26][27][28] and (iii) sulfhydryls present on cell surface membranes in appropriate thiol-disulfide states. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Based on the multitude of beneficial effects of 2-Me for cell functions in vitro plus mercaptan changes that occur with age and protein deprivation 35,36 (which led to the free radical theory of aging 25 ) raised the question: What consequences, besides toxicity, 37 might 2-Me impart if administered as a dietary supplement?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, longevity, quality of life

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Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): Evaluation of mitogen-induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen and thymus

Cited by 47 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of in Vitro Exposure of Beluga Whale Splenocytes and Thymocytes to Heavy Metals

Effects of in Vitro Exposure of Beluga Whale Splenocytes and Thymocytes to Heavy Metals

Changes in immune functions in bottlenose dolphins in the northern Gulf of Mexico associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Obesity, longevity, quality of life

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