2021
DOI: 10.3390/cells10020223
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Immune Infiltrates in Breast Cancer: Recent Updates and Clinical Implications

Abstract: In recent decades, the increasing interest in the field of immunotherapy has fostered an intense investigation of the breast cancer (BC) immune microenvironment. In this context, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as a clinically relevant and highly reproducible biomarker capable of affecting BC prognosis and response to treatment. Indeed, the evaluation of TILs on primary tumors proved to be strongly prognostic in triple-negative (TN) BC patients treated with either adjuvant or neoadjuvant che… Show more

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Cited by 154 publications
(117 citation statements)
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“…It is currently well acknowledged the solid clinical validity of baseline tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in EBC, especially in TN phenotype, where they reached level-1b evidence as a prognostic biomarker [72] according to the revised determination of Levels of Evidence using elements of tumor biomarker studies, by Simon et al [73]. Focusing on the neoadjuvant setting, higher levels of TILs have been consistently associated with higher rates of pCR after standard systemic treatments, and improved survival in both TN and HER2 + BC [74].…”
Section: B)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is currently well acknowledged the solid clinical validity of baseline tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in EBC, especially in TN phenotype, where they reached level-1b evidence as a prognostic biomarker [72] according to the revised determination of Levels of Evidence using elements of tumor biomarker studies, by Simon et al [73]. Focusing on the neoadjuvant setting, higher levels of TILs have been consistently associated with higher rates of pCR after standard systemic treatments, and improved survival in both TN and HER2 + BC [74].…”
Section: B)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Considering the role of TWF1 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton structure, and the known role of actin cytoskeleton in cell migratory processes, we hypothesized that altered TWF1 expression level or its genetic alteration may impact the tumor infiltrating immune cell response (18)(19)(20). Thus, we applied the TIMER, CIBERSORT, CIBERSORT-ABS, TIDE, XCELL, MCPCOUNTER, QUANTISEQ and EPIC algorithms to explore the correlation between the infiltration level of different immune and endothelial cells and TWF1 expression in multiple tumor types of TCGA.…”
Section: Immune Infiltration Analysis Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Increased TILs infiltration usually correlates with high PD-L1 expression, especially in TNBC. Among BC subtypes, high PD-L1 expression and TILs are more frequent in HER2-positive and TNBC [19,20].…”
Section: Review Articlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast to early stages, where TILs have been related to better prognosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy (specially in TNBC), in the metastatic setting there is yet much to do. Deeper evaluation integrating both TILs quantity and quality (cells subpopulations), is urgently needed to establish the role of this biomarker [19,20].…”
Section: Future Directionsmentioning
confidence: 99%