Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and the risk of valvular heart disease: a Mendelian randomization study

Table4.DOCX

“…Studies have shown that AS can lead to obliterative endarteritis in small vessels supplying the atrioventricular node and the aortic root, leading to a prolongation of the PQ interval and an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, first-degree atrioventricular block, and aortic valve insufficiency (Haroon et al, 2015). IL-6 induces the acute phase response, leading to increased levels of CRP and fibrinogen and monocyte activation, the activated monocytes deposit fibrinogen in the vessel wall, leading to atherosclerosis (Cai et al, 2024). Moreover, when the endothelium is damaged, foam cells and smooth muscle cells release IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines, causing more vascular damage and exacerbating this process, ultimately leading to the formation and progression of atherosclerosis (Myasoedova et al, 2011).…”

Image5.TIF

“…Studies have shown that AS can lead to obliterative endarteritis in small vessels supplying the atrioventricular node and the aortic root, leading to a prolongation of the PQ interval and an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, first-degree atrioventricular block, and aortic valve insufficiency (Haroon et al, 2015). IL-6 induces the acute phase response, leading to increased levels of CRP and fibrinogen and monocyte activation, the activated monocytes deposit fibrinogen in the vessel wall, leading to atherosclerosis (Cai et al, 2024). Moreover, when the endothelium is damaged, foam cells and smooth muscle cells release IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines, causing more vascular damage and exacerbating this process, ultimately leading to the formation and progression of atherosclerosis (Myasoedova et al, 2011).…”

Image1.TIF

“…Studies have shown that AS can lead to obliterative endarteritis in small vessels supplying the atrioventricular node and the aortic root, leading to a prolongation of the PQ interval and an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, first-degree atrioventricular block, and aortic valve insufficiency (Haroon et al, 2015). IL-6 induces the acute phase response, leading to increased levels of CRP and fibrinogen and monocyte activation, the activated monocytes deposit fibrinogen in the vessel wall, leading to atherosclerosis (Cai et al, 2024). Moreover, when the endothelium is damaged, foam cells and smooth muscle cells release IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines, causing more vascular damage and exacerbating this process, ultimately leading to the formation and progression of atherosclerosis (Myasoedova et al, 2011).…”