Immune modulation via T regulatory cell enhancement: Disease‐modifying therapies for autoimmunity and their potential for chronic allergic and inflammatory diseases—An EAACI position paper of the Task Force on Immunopharmacology (TIPCO)

Abstract

The Task Force of Immunopharmacology (TIPCO) within the Basic and Clinical Immunology Section of EAACI was established in 2017 to connect scientists and clinicians with different scientific backgrounds-physicians and basic scientists, pharmacologists, and computational biologists-with the task of examining recent breakthroughs on basic mechanisms of immune regulation and review their application in current, upcoming, and paradigm-shifting nonbiological therapeutic approaches for allergy and clinical immunology-related diseases. The topic for this second position paper was chosen unanimously, and specific parts were drafted by authors' subgroups. The first draft was compiled by first and corresponding authors and discussed in a general TF meeting in Vienna (March 29-30, 2019). The resulting draft was thereafter recirculated and critically appraised until the final version was approved by all Task Force members.

Food Allergy and Intolerance: A Narrative Review on Nutritional Concerns

“…An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immunologic and non-immunologic reactions to food, as described in this review and in an ever-growing body of literature, are driving further preclinical and clinical studies on all levels of prevention strategies and on therapeutic interventions. In particular for IgE-mediated food allergies, further developments are aimed at the restoration of a tolerogenic state towards food through intervention on multiple levels: mucosal barrier, microbiota composition, timing of food introduction, up until the development of groundbreaking, allergen-specific T cell-based therapies for severe phenotypes [248]. On a more general level of public health, however, more effort needs to be spent on awareness of the specificity of reactions to food, the importance of appropriate diagnostic procedures, and the necessity of professional support for meeting the nutritional goals when diet needs to be chronically changed due to necessary avoidances.…”

“…An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immunologic and non-immunologic reactions to food, as described in this review and in an ever-growing body of literature, are driving further preclinical and clinical studies on all levels of prevention strategies and on therapeutic interventions. In particular for IgE-mediated food allergies, further developments are aimed at the restoration of a tolerogenic state towards food through intervention on multiple levels: mucosal barrier, microbiota composition, timing of food introduction, up until the development of ground-breaking, allergen-specific T cell-based therapies for severe phenotypes [ 248 ].…”

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders – Advances and challenges

“…In addition, Tregs have been introduced to cure other clinical manifestations such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and systemic inflammatory disorders. 62 , 63 The therapeutic potentials of Tregs to manage a range of autoimmune diseases have been described in following section and findings of clinical trials are summarized in Table 1 .…”

The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Epicutaneous Immunotherapy for Food Allergy

“…pTreg/iTreg cells are generated from conventional Foxp3 - CD4 + T cells, and the expression of Foxp3 can be induced after IL-2, retinoic acid, and TGF-β activates CD3 signaling molecules ( 63 ). However, a phenotypic distinction between tTreg cells and pTreg cells has not yet been established ( 65 ). Accumulating evidence indicates that tTreg cells and pTreg cells play different roles in different tissues.…”