Immune monitoring of patients with septic shock by measurement of intraleukocyte cytokines

Abstract

Intracellular cytokine staining is a simple and rapid method to assess in situ and on-line the inflammatory balance and responsiveness of leukocyte subpopulations and could therefore represent a useful monitoring tool to assess the immune competence of critically ill patients. This study identifies the cellular source of cytokines in whole blood and confirms prior reports showing that septic phagocytes are characterized by a predominant anti-inflammatory phenotype, with hyporesponsiveness to LPS, depending on a plasma deactivation factor.

A predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokine profile is associated with disease severity in meningococcal sepsis

“…The association of an anti-inflammatory profile with an unfavourable outcome has previously been described in febrile adults with community acquired infections [5]. An anti-inflammatory phenotype is recognised as a hallmark of the "immune paralysis" described in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock [14,15] and more recently a lower basal TNF-α/IL-10 ratio has been demonstrated in patients with septic shock [16]. Our results are consistent with this.…”

“…There was no statistically significant difference in IL-1Ra:TNF, IL-1Ra:IL-6 and IL-1Ra:IL-8 ratios between survivors and nonsurvivors. On univariate analysis a high IL-1Ra:TNF ratio (odds ratio 16 …”

The Selective α7 Agonist GTS-21 Attenuates Cytokine Production in Human Whole Blood and Human Monocytes Activated by Ligands for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, and RAGE

“…Exposure of whole blood to endotoxin elicits monocytes to release TNF (19,20). Accordingly, we hypothesized that GTS-21 attenuates TNF levels in endotoxinstimulated whole blood by suppressing TNF production by monocytes.…”

Cecal ligation and puncture induced sepsis impairs host defense against Enterococcus faecium peritonitis

“…Additionally, septic insults initiate concurrent or sequential anti-inflammatory cascades, which are important to avoid detrimental inflammatory responses and achieve immunological homeostasis. The anti-inflammatory response has been implicated in the inability of critically ill patients to eradicate the primary infection responsible for sepsis and their propensity to acquire secondary nosocomial infections [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

“…It has been proposed that this immune suppression contributes to the enhanced susceptibility to nosocomial infections and late mortality of sepsis patients [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) is considered a clinically relevant model to study the septic response [12].…”