Immune parameters in the intestine of wild and reared unvaccinated and vaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Løkka, Guro; Austbø, Lars; Falk, K. George; Bromage, Erin; Fjelldal, Per Gunnar; Hansen, Tom; Hordvik, Ivar; Koppang, Erling Olaf

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.009

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…That differences may be apparent come from studies in trout showing that IgM+ B-cells are highly recruited to the pyloric caeca after oral stimulation [39], that IgT + B-cells are particularly abundant in the midgut/hind gut [40], and that antigen uptake is most prominent in the second segment of the midgut [41,9]. In addition, studies in Atlantic salmon have shown the mid-posterior intestine has the highest expression levels of a similar gene set (to that used here) in post-smolts [42] and in sea bass regional differences in CD8α and MHCIIβ gene expression have been described [22]. In the present study expression levels of the marker genes were relatively low in oesophagus and stomach, especially the latter, in agreement with past immunohistochemical studies of intestinal B cells and sites of antigen uptake [9,40].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Gene expression analysis of isolated salmonid GALT leucocytes in response to PAMPs and recombinant cytokines

Attaya

Wang

Zou

et al. 2018

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Increased knowledge of the immune response of the intestine, a physiologically critical organ involved in absorption, secretion and homeostasis in a non-sterile environment, is needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in the induction of long-lasting immunity and, subsequently, the development of efficacious gastrointestinal immunization approaches. To this end, analysis of isolated gut cells will give an insight into the cell types present and their immune capability. Hence, in this study we first optimised a method for salmonid gut leucocyte isolation and characterised the cells on the basis of their expression of a range of selected cell markers associated with T & B cells and dendritic cells. The GALT leucocytes were then stimulated with a variety of PAMPs, recombinant cytokines and PHA, as a means to help characterise the diversity of the immune repertoire present in such cells. The stimulants tested were designed to examine the nature of the antibacterial, antiviral and T cell type responses in the cells (at the transcript level) using a panel of genes relevant to innate and adaptive immunity. The results showed distinct responses to the stimulants, with a clear delineation seen between the stimulant used (eg viral or bacterial PAMP) and the pathway elicited. The changes in the expression patterns of the immune genes in these cells indicates that the salmonid intestine contains a good repertoire of competent immune cells able to respond to different pathogen types. Such information may aid the development of efficient priming by oral vaccination in salmonids.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Gene expression analysis of isolated salmonid GALT leucocytes in response to PAMPs and recombinant cytokines

Attaya

Wang

Zou

et al. 2018

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…In our study, inflammation also occurred in other segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, we point to the SSMI as the obvious region of choice for studies addressing feed‐related intestinal inflammatory responses, in keeping with previous results from our group (Løkka et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Both inflammation and ectopic epithelial cells were each highly prevalent and significantly associated in the SSMI. Investigations of the normal distribution of MHC class II, most prominent in professional antigen‐presenting cells, and CD3ε, which is a T‐cell specific molecule (Koppang et al., , ; Løkka et al., ), provided the basis for our characterization of the inflammatory response. Here, we showed that the thickening of the lamina propria was mainly due to the presence of MHC class II + cells and T cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectopic epithelial cell clusters in salmonid intestine are associated with inflammation

Bjørgen

Koppang

Gunnes

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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An epizootic incidence of intestinal adenocarcinomas was reported in brood fish of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in 2009. The condition was associated with a specific diet inducing enteritis and morphological changes. Here, two field trials of fish up to slaughter size were initiated. In Trial 1, two different feed recipes were used. Feed I was predominantly based on marine ingredients, whereas plant ingredients were limited to soy protein concentrate and wheat. Feed II was lower in fishmeal and without soya protein, which was substituted with plant proteins from other sources. In Trial 2, a commercial feed (Feed III) was included. No macroscopic tumours were observed in 300 fish (Trial 1). At the end of both trials, samples from five different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of a total of 39 fish were investigated with morphological methods. Here, we show the presence of ectopic proliferating epithelial cells only occurring in inflamed intestine and predominantly in the second segment of the mid-intestine. Presence of ectopic epithelial cells in submucosal inflammatory foci may indicate early stages in tumorigenesis, but other possibilities such as proliferative enteric disorders cannot be excluded. Together with inflammation, carcinogenesis should be a focus of investigation in future feed trials.

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“…Functional and transcriptional compartmentalization of the digestive tract has also been described in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), a stomachless teleost, with 2558 DE genes across the seven segments considered in that study (Wang et al, 2010). Thus, the fish intestine has evolved as a complex tissue with a gradual change in nutrient absorptive capacity from AI to PI segments, whereas the posterior segment appears as part of the first line of defense against pathogens (Løkka et al, 2014). The results reported herein indicate that this change is more gradual than initially envisaged, as some immune-relevant genes are much more expressed in the AI-MI segments than in PI, such as natterin-3-like and acidic mammalian chitinase .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, fish GI tract is an important immunological site acting as a physical and chemical barrier against invading organisms, and the cells within the intestine produce a range of chemical substances to enhance barrier function, innate immunity, and humoral immune responses (Rombout et al, 2011; Xia et al, 2013). This is particularly important at the posterior intestine, where the uptake of macromolecules and foreign antigens mainly occurs (Fuglem et al, 2010; Løkka et al, 2014). Nutrient availability is also essential for the generation and maintenance of a protective effector immune system in humans and other model species (Fox et al, 2005; Michalek and Rathmell, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Functional Specialization along the Intestinal Tract of a Carnivorous Teleostean Fish (Dicentrarchus labrax)

2016

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High-quality sequencing reads from the intestine of European sea bass were assembled, annotated by similarity against protein reference databases and combined with nucleotide sequences from public and private databases. After redundancy filtering, 24,906 non-redundant annotated sequences encoding 15,367 different gene descriptions were obtained. These annotated sequences were used to design a custom, high-density oligo-microarray (8 × 15 K) for the transcriptomic profiling of anterior (AI), middle (MI), and posterior (PI) intestinal segments. Similar molecular signatures were found for AI and MI segments, which were combined in a single group (AI-MI) whereas the PI outstood separately, with more than 1900 differentially expressed genes with a fold-change cutoff of 2. Functional analysis revealed that molecular and cellular functions related to feed digestion and nutrient absorption and transport were over-represented in AI-MI segments. By contrast, the initiation and establishment of immune defense mechanisms became especially relevant in PI, although the microarray expression profiling validated by qPCR indicated that these functional changes are gradual from anterior to posterior intestinal segments. This functional divergence occurred in association with spatial transcriptional changes in nutrient transporters and the mucosal chemosensing system via G protein-coupled receptors. These findings contribute to identify key indicators of gut functions and to compare different fish feeding strategies and immune defense mechanisms acquired along the evolution of teleosts.

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Immune parameters in the intestine of wild and reared unvaccinated and vaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Cited by 30 publications

References 54 publications

Gene expression analysis of isolated salmonid GALT leucocytes in response to PAMPs and recombinant cytokines

Gene expression analysis of isolated salmonid GALT leucocytes in response to PAMPs and recombinant cytokines

Ectopic epithelial cell clusters in salmonid intestine are associated with inflammation

Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Functional Specialization along the Intestinal Tract of a Carnivorous Teleostean Fish (Dicentrarchus labrax)

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