Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV infection: taking the bad with the good

Abstract

In this review we will describe the immunopathogies of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, IRIS. IRIS occurs in a small subset of HIV patient, initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), where immune reconstitution becomes dyregulated, resulting in an overly robust antigen-specific inflammatory reaction. We will discuss IRIS in terms of the associated coinfections: mycobacteria, cryptococci, and viruses.

Human papillomavirus load in benign HPV‐associated oral lesions from HIV/AIDS individuals

“…The HPV types mostly identified and later analyzed (13 & 32), as in most reports Gültekin, Tokman Yildirim, & Sarisoy, 2011;Syrjänen, 2003), agree with the types described in (Wong, Richards, Pei, & Sereti, 2016), as genital and anal warts are currently recognized as manifestations of IRIS (Iarikov, Duke, & Skiest, 2008;Meys et al, 2011).…”

“…The main limitations of our study are the cross‐sectional design and the low sample size, particularly among HPV‐OL florid cases. A proper description of the onset and behavior of HPV‐OLs in HIV‐infected patients through longitudinal studies could provide additional information; moreover, a prospective design is essential to elucidate whether HPV‐OLs are part of immune restoration inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) (Wong, Richards, Pei, & Sereti, ), as genital and anal warts are currently recognized as manifestations of IRIS (Iarikov, Duke, & Skiest, ; Meys et al., ).…”

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with secondary syphilis: dermatologic, neurologic and ophthalmologic compromise in an HIV patient

“…It is more frequent in patients who start ART with lower CD4 cell counts, active opportunistic infections and higher HIV viral loads. 5 Cases of syphilis in the IRIS context in HIV patients are infrequent. [1][2][3][4]6,7 Most syphilitic IRIS presentations report secondary lesions such as skin rash or papules, [1][2][3][4] and in some cases, ophthalmologic compromise (uveitis, retinitis) without central nervous system (CNS) compromise.…”

Strategies of Tuberculosis–HIV Vaccines Design using Immunoinformatic Approach

“…To treat TB, we have to use anti-TB drugs while for HIV we can use anti-retroviral drugs like Zidovudine (ZDV), also known as azidothymidine (AZT) (Ghodke et al, 2013). However, the problem is if we start to manage one of them with anti-retroviral drug or anti-TB drug there will be an adverse effect like viral resistance or an exagratted inflamantory resistance commonly called Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) (Wong et al, 2016). Because of that, an inventive method was invented to restraint the replication of new vaccine in the body.…”