Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model

Alamuti, Maryam Mollaei; Ravanshad, Mehrdad; Motamedi-Sedeh, Farahnaz; Nabizadeh, Arezoo; Ahmadi, Elham; hossieni, S. M.

doi:10.1159/000515392

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Moreover, being a sugar it can also aid in increasing the viscosity leading to increased attachment and prolonged presence of vaccine antigens in the mucosae. On the other hand, it should be noted that the addition of trehalose and performing irradiation under frozen conditions could have increased the gamma irradiation dose needed for the inactivation of the virus because of the protective effects exerted both on viral proteins and the viral genome ( 53 ). Not surprisingly other groups who used gamma irradiation to inactivate influenza virus at room temperature and without trehalose achieved complete inactivation at 16 KGy ( 54 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Efficacy of H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccines Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation Methods Administered by the Parenteral or Mucosal Routes

et al. 2022

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H9N2 viruses have become, over the last 20 years, one of the most diffused poultry pathogens and have reached a level of endemicity in several countries. Attempts to control the spread and reduce the circulation of H9N2 have relied mainly on vaccination in endemic countries. However, the high level of adaptation to poultry, testified by low minimum infectious doses, replication to high titers, and high transmissibility, has severely hampered the results of vaccination campaigns. Commercially available vaccines have demonstrated high efficacy in protecting against clinical disease, but variable results have also been observed in reducing the level of replication and viral shedding in domestic poultry species. Antigenic drift and increased chances of zoonotic infections are the results of incomplete protection offered by the currently available vaccines, of which the vast majority are based on formalin-inactivated whole virus antigens. In our work, we evaluated experimental vaccines based on an H9N2 virus, inactivated by irradiation treatment, in reducing viral shedding upon different challenge doses and compared their efficacy with formalin-inactivated vaccines. Moreover, we evaluated mucosal delivery of inactivated antigens as an alternative route to subcutaneous and intramuscular vaccination. The results showed complete protection and prevention of replication in subcutaneously vaccinated Specific Pathogen Free White Leghorn chickens at low-to-intermediate challenge doses but a limited reduction of shedding at a high challenge dose. Mucosally vaccinated chickens showed a more variable response to experimental infection at all tested challenge doses and the main effect of vaccination attained the reduction of infected birds in the early phase of infection. Concerning mucosal vaccination, the irradiated vaccine was the only one affording complete protection from infection at the lowest challenge dose. Vaccine formulations based on H9N2 inactivated by irradiation demonstrated a potential for better performances than vaccines based on the formalin-inactivated antigen in terms of reduction of shedding and prevention of infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Efficacy of H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccines Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation Methods Administered by the Parenteral or Mucosal Routes

et al. 2022

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“…For larger pathogens such as parasites and bacteria, a relatively low dose of γ-irradiation is sufficient for inactivating the organism (e.g., malaria irradiation at 150 Gray, Fasciola irradiation at 30 Gray, and Brucella irradiation at 6 kGy). Conversely, viral pathogens require higher doses, including Rift Valley Fever virus irradiation at 25 kGy ( 12 , 13 ), LPAIV-H9N2 at 30 kGy ( 14 ), foot and mouth disease virus at 45 kGy ( 15 ), and poliovirus subtypes 1 and 3 at 35 kGy ( 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Whole Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 Virus Vaccine Using Trehalose and Optimization of Vaccination Regime on Broiler Chicken

et al. 2022

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Gamma (γ)-radiation can target viral genome replication and preserve viral structural proteins compared to formalin inactivation. Thus, a stronger immunity could be induced after the inoculation of the irradiated virus. In this study, γ-irradiated low-pathogenic avian influenza virus-H9N2 (LPAIV-H9N2) was used to immunize the broiler chicken in two formulations, including γ-irradiated LPAIV-H9N2 with 20% Trehalose intranasally (IVT.IN) or γ-irradiated LPAIV-H9N2 plus Montanide oil adjuvant ISA70 subcutaneously (IV+ISA.SC) in comparison with formalin-inactivated LPAIV-H9N2 vaccine intranasally (FV.IN) or formalin-inactivated LPAIV-H9N2 plus ISA70 subcutaneously (FV+ISA.SC). Two vaccination regimes were employed; the first one was primed on day 1 and boosted on day 15 (early regime), and the second one was primed on day 11 and boosted on day 25 (late regime). A challenge test was performed with a live homologous subtype virus. Virus shedding was monitored by quantifying the viral load via RT-qPCR on tracheal and cloacal swabs. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titration and stimulation index (SI) of the splenic lymphocyte proliferation were measured, respectively, by HI test and Cell Proliferation assay. Cytokine assay was conducted by the RT-qPCR on antigen-stimulated spleen cells. The results of the HI test showed significant increases in antibody titer in all vaccinated groups, but it was more evident in the IVT late vaccination regime, reaching 5.33 log2. The proliferation of stimulated spleen lymphocytes was upregulated more in the IVT.IN vaccine compared to other vaccines. The mRNA transcription levels of T-helper type 1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) were upregulated in all vaccinated groups at the late regime. Moreover, IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine was upregulated as well. However, upregulation was more noticeable in the early vaccination than the late vaccination (p< 0.05). After the challenge, the monitoring of virus shedding for the H9 gene represented an extremely low viral load. The body weight loss was not significant (p > 0.05) among the vaccinated groups. In addition, the viral load of <100.5 TCID50/ml in the vaccinated chicken indicated the protective response for all the vaccines. Accordingly, the IVT vaccine is a good candidate for the immunization of broiler chicken via the intranasal route at late regime.

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“…Increasing doses of irradiation had a corresponding decrease in the worm burden [139] Oesophagostomum columbianum Sheep 5 × 10 2 -2 × 10 3 400 Gy ( 60 Co) 72% protection after 2 vaccinations 21 days apart [140,141] The ruminant host immune system can also be stimulated by ES parasite antigens/ proteins that can be utilised as successful vaccine candidates compared to using whole parasite vaccines. In the case of H. contortus, the most successful of these has been using soluble adult parasite gut antigens, commercially available as Baebervax ® (Table 2) [13,[142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150]. Vaccines based on purified or recombinant proteins have also been developed for various GIN infections, ranging from T. circumcincta, T. colubriformis to Ostertagia ostertagi with varying degrees of success as shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Vaccination As a Parasite Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies

Palkumbura,

Mahakapuge,

Wijesundera

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available. In this review, we describe the most prevalent and economically significant group of GIN infections that infect small ruminants and the immune responses that occur in the host during infection with an emphasis on mucosal immunity. Furthermore, we outline the different prevention strategies that exist with a focus on whole and purified native parasite antigens as vaccine candidates and their possible oral–nasal administration as a part of an integrated parasite control toolbox in areas where drug resistance is on the rise.

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Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Protective Efficacy of H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccines Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation Methods Administered by the Parenteral or Mucosal Routes

Protective Efficacy of H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccines Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation Methods Administered by the Parenteral or Mucosal Routes

Improved Whole Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 Virus Vaccine Using Trehalose and Optimization of Vaccination Regime on Broiler Chicken

Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies

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