Immune responses and pathogenesis of <scp>SARS‐CoV</scp>‐2 during an outbreak in Iran: Comparison with <scp>SARS</scp> and <scp>MERS</scp>

Rokni, Mohsen; Ghasemi, Vida; Tavakoli, Zahra

doi:10.1002/rmv.2107

Cited by 226 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The typical innate immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 is marked by suppressed type I interferon. TLR 7 plays an important role in the recognition of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and initiating the host innate immune response 58 . By increasing endosomal pH, HCQ reduces TLR 7 and TLR 9 affinity for viral RNA, thereby diminishing the induction of cytokines which may play a role in viral control including type I interferon, IL‐6, and IL‐12.…”

Section: Hcq and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID‐19

et al. 2020

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri butio n-NonCo mmerc ial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractThere are currently no proven or approved treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 . Early anecdotal reports and limited in vitro data led to the significant uptake of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and to lesser extent chloroquine (CQ), for many patients with this disease. As an increasing number of patients with COVID-19 are treated with these agents and more evidence accumulates, there continues to be no high-quality clinical data showing a clear benefit of these agents for this disease.Moreover, these agents have the potential to cause harm, including a broad range of adverse events including serious cardiac side effects when combined with other agents. How to cite this article: Meyerowitz EA, Vannier AGL, Friesen MGN, et al. Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19.

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Section: Hcq and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID‐19

et al. 2020

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“…In consistent with our result, a previous study conducted by Liu, et al [3], documented NLR as the independent risk factor for prediction of severe illness in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection which should rapidly hospitalized in ICU. So that, in 50% of patients with age ≥ 50 who had NLR ≥ 3.13 severe form of the disease were observed [3,10].…”

Section: Radiography Ndingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These pathological damages might be attributable to indirect cytokines release syndrome (CRS) e.g. interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and TNF-α initiated by immune system and direct attack from SARS-CoV-2 [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Patients with Elevated Inflammatory Indications are at Higher Risk for Developing the Severe form of COVID-19?

Rokni

Ahmadikia

Asghari

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundSince December 2019, when SARS-CoV-2 emerged with a cluster of unknown pneumonia cases in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout in worldwide and Iran, data have been needed on the clinical and diagnostic features of the affected Iranian patients.MethodsWe extracted data regarding 233 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Buali Hospital in Iran; clinical/praclinical and inflammatory indexes data were collected and analyzed. The data of laboratory examinations and chest CT findings were compared between death and non-severe patients.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 49 years, (63%) of the patients were male. The acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 64 patients, including 53 who were admitted to the ICU and underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 28 who died. On the admission in death group, lymphopenia (79%), neutrophilia (79%), and thrombocytopenia (21%) were usually observed. Most patients had a high SII index of > 500 (68%), increased CRP level (88%). A high level of inflammatory index’s such as NLR, PLR and SII in death comparison with moderate groups were observed (P < 0.001). The most common symptoms were fever (70%) and cough (63%) on admission. Headache was uncommon (11%). On admission, ground-glass opacity with consolidation (mixed) was the most common radiologic finding on chest CT (51%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 15 of 204 patients (7%). In ConclusionThese patients often presented without fever, and some did not have abnormal radiologic findings. Elevated NLR, PLR and SII can be considered as prognostic and risk stratifying factor of severe form of disease.

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“…Critical state COVID-19 patients require the use of mechanical ventilation [5] and a study reported that about 9 to 11% of hospitalized patients, mainly elderly, required mechanical ventilation due to complications [6]. Severe conditions can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [7] with diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) characterized interstitial septal edema and hyaline membrane in the acute phase, as well as the proliferation of broblasts and septal brosis in the remodeling chronic phase [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-4/IL-13 Remodeling Pathway of Covid-19 Lung Injury

Paula

Azevedo

Nagashima

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The COVID-19 fatality rate is high when compared to the H1N1pdm09 (pandemic Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype) rate, and although both cause an aggravated inflammatory response, the differences in the mechanisms of both pandemic pneumonias need clarification.Objective: To analyze tissue expression of interleukins 4, 13, (IL-4, IL-13), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and the number of M2 macrophages (Sphingosine-1) in patients who died by COVID-19, comparing with cases of severe pneumopathy caused by H1N1pdm09, and a control group without lung injury.Methods: Six lung biopsy samples of patients who died of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 group) were used and compared with ten lung samples of adults who died from a severe infection of H1N1pdm09 (H1N1 group) and eleven samples of patients who died from different causes without lung injury (CONTROL group). The expression of IL-4, IL-13, TGF-β, and M2 macrophages score (Sphingosine-1) were identified through immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results and conclusion: Significantly higher IL-4 tissue expression and Sphingosine-1 in M2 macrophages was observed in the COVID-19 group when compared to both the H1N1 and the CONTROL groups. Different mechanism of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in SARS-CoV-2 compared to H1N1pdm09 infections were observed. IL-4 expression and lung remodeling are phenomena observed in both SARS-COV-2 and H1N1pdm09. However, SARS-CoV-2 seems to promote lung damage through different mechanisms, such as the scarce participation Th1/Th17 response and the higher participation of the Th2. The understanding and management of the aggravated and ineffective immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 merits further clarification to improve treatments propose.

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Immune responses and pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2 during an outbreak in Iran: Comparison with SARS and MERS

Cited by 226 publications

References 46 publications

Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID‐19

Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID‐19

Are Patients with Elevated Inflammatory Indications are at Higher Risk for Developing the Severe form of COVID-19?

IL-4/IL-13 Remodeling Pathway of Covid-19 Lung Injury

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