Immune responses of therapeutic lipid nanoparticles

Abstract

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery is an emerging technology for targeting therapeutics to the diseased site for enhanced therapy and reduced toxicity. A number of pharmaceutical products that involve nanotechnology have been approved for clinical use, and because of altered pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, their profiles of interaction with host cells and resulting toxicity are different from parent agents. This review focuses on the immune responses induced by therapeutic lipid nanoparticles. These immune responses can provoke toxicity, affect pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles or induce therapeutic effect. This article begins with a general introduction on immune responses and innate and acquired immunity. Specific examples of therapeutic lipid nanoparticles inducing immune responses in each category are presented with detailed discussions on the mechanisms. Current guidelines for evaluating immune response of nanomedicines are summarized. Finally, perspectives and future directions are provided emphasizing mechanistic studies of immune reactions triggered by nanoparticles.

Production, Characterization, and Assessment of Permanently Cationic and Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles for Use in the Delivery of Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines

“…However, different LNP compositions may be more efficient at targeting different cell types [26]. This, along with variations in cell type immune response stimulation by different lipids [27], shows the importance of also examining alternative injection routes, as transfection and stimulation of certain cell populations may be important for different vaccines [26]. saRNA-LNPs were also shown to be safe in vitro, as no significant toxicity was observed.…”

Prospective applications of extracellular vesicle-based therapies in regenerative medicine: implications for the use of dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles

“…However, any isoform protein is a potential antigen and immune target. Therefore, synthetic LNPs lacking homodimeric proteins may be advantageous in avoiding premature recognition and destruction ( Chen W. C. et al, 2013 ). Furthermore, the growing interest in isolating EVs from different sources opens up the possibility of optimizing EV-based therapies for each specific clinical purpose.…”

Recent Uses of Lipid Nanoparticles, Cell-Penetrating and Bioactive Peptides for the Development of Brain-Targeted Nanomedicines against Neurodegenerative Disorders

“…PACAP (Table 1) was originally isolated from ovi hypothalamic extracts in view of its capacity to stimulate cyclic adenosine monopho While lipid nanoparticles show promise for delivering drugs to the brain due to the ability of drugs to cross the BBB, their efficacy is hindered by several limitations. One of the constraints is the induction of immune responses, leading to clearance by the body or causing adverse reactions [176,177]. Targeting specific brain regions remains a hurdle because the complex biological environment of the brain may impede the efficient transport and release of therapeutic payloads from the nanoparticles [178].…”