Immune responses to COVID‐19 booster vaccinations in intensively anti‐CD38 antibody treated patients with ultra‐high‐risk multiple myeloma: results from the Myeloma UK (MUK) nine OPTIMUM trial

Abstract

Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) and anti‐MM therapy cause profound immunosuppression, leaving patients vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and other infections. We investigated anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) antibodies longitudinally in ultra‐high‐risk patients with MM receiving risk‐adapted, intensive anti‐CD38 combined therapy in the Myeloma UK (MUK) nine trial. Despite continuous intensive therapy, seroconversion was achieved in all patients, but required a greater number of vaccinations compared to healthy individuals, highlighting the importance of booster vaccinations in this population. Reassuringly, high antibody cross‐reactivity was found with current variants of concern, prior to Omicron subvariant adapted boostering. Multiple booster vaccine doses can provide effective protection from COVID‐19, even with intensive anti‐CD38 therapy for high‐risk MM.

Longitudinal dynamics and clinically available predictors of poor response to COVID-19 vaccination in multiple myeloma

“…Secondly, although anti-S and T-IGRA values defining a positive antibody or T-cell response were based on historically established thresholds, the absolute values that correlate with clinical protection from COVID-19 remain unclear. Thirdly, current Omicron variants of concern (VOC) have changed; however, a recent report has found that in heavily treated MM patients, multiple doses of vaccine-induced IgG anti-S antibody cross-reacted well with a range of variants 15. Therefore, our findings remain relevant to all MM patients in the present climate with current VOC.…”

A Mannose-Modified Lipid Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle Vaccine Increased the Anti-Tumor Immune Response by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment

“…The stability of nanoparticles can be achieved by adjusting preparation methods and adding surface modifiers. In the preparation process, the size, morphology, and dispersion of nanoparticles can be controlled by solvent precipitation or the co-precipitation method to ensure their stability [155]. Also, using the right surface modifiers, like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), can make nanoparticles more stable and stop them from being cleared out of the bloodstream and breaking down in living things [156].…”

Survival in multiple myeloma and SARS‐COV‐2 infection through the COVID‐19 pandemic: Results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry

“…2,[5][6][7][8] Thus, vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have become the most important preventive strategy to protect these patients from severe complications deriving from SARS-CoV-2 infections. 9 However, MM patients may develop lower antibody responses to anti SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, particularly after anti-CD38 and anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) drugs [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] or transplant/CAR-T procedures. [19][20][21][22][23] Therefore they remain at higher risk of breakthrough infections (13%-15%), compared to non-cancer patients (approximatively 4%), that are linked to still significant morbidity and mortality.…”