Immune Suppression Induced by the Brown Ear Tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901

Fivaz, B. H.

doi:10.2307/3282875

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The number and frequency of tick bites determine the development of acquired resistance and cutaneous reactivity to tick feeding, which is mediated in part by circulating and homocytotropic antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses (5,32,33). Tick feeding has been shown to reduce the ability of the host to develop an antibody response (7,13,31). While it was not possible to document all previous arthropod bites that might have altered the calreticulin antibody status of our subjects, any such effect would have been mitigated by testing each subject following a well-defined tick exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Alarcón-Chaidez¹,

Ryan²,

Wikel³

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. People who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. Despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. In order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infection and the immune response to tick bite, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody to a recombinant form of calreticulin protein found in the salivary glands of Ixodes scapularis, a member of a complex of Ixodes ticks that serve as the vectors for Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Using this assay, we tested sera obtained from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice before and after experimental deer tick infestation. These mice developed antibody to Ixodes calreticulin antigen after infestation. We then used the same assay to test sera obtained from people before and after they experienced deer tick bite(s). People experiencing deer tick bite(s) developed Ixodes calreticulinspecific antibody responses that persisted for up to 17 months. This Ixodes recombinant calreticulin ELISA provides objective evidence of deer tick exposure in people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Alarcón-Chaidez¹,

Ryan²,

Wikel³

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Guo and collaborators (19) isolated two proteins from I. scapularis saliva (ISL929 and ISL1373) that are able to decrease O 2 2 production by neutrophils through an as-yet unknown mechanism. In addition, immunomodulatory mechanisms are not necessarily conserved in different tick species even within the same family (27). For this reason, we evaluated the effect of I. ricinus SGE and saliva on neutrophil ROS production.…”

Section: Effect Of I Ricinus Sge On Ros Production By Activated Humamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Menten-Dedoyart

Faccinetto

Golovchenko

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. They are transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks. After a few hours of infestation, neutrophils massively infiltrate the bite site. They can kill Borrelia via phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, factors in tick saliva promote propagation of the bacteria in the host even in the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) consists in the extrusion of the neutrophil’s own DNA, forming traps that can retain and kill bacteria. The production of reactive oxygen species is apparently associated with the onset of NETs (NETosis). In this article, we describe NET formation at the tick bite site in vivo in mice. We show that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes become trapped and killed by NETs in humans and that the bacteria do not seem to release significant nucleases to evade this process. Saliva from I. ricinus did not affect NET formation by human neutrophils or its stability. However, it greatly decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that a strong decrease of hydrogen peroxide does not affect NET formation. Finally, round bodies trapped in NETs were observed, some of them staining as live bacteria. This observation could help contribute to a better understanding of the early steps of Borrelia invasion and erythema migrans formation after tick bite.

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“…[12][13][14] Indeed, the alternative pathway of the complement is inhibited 15,16 and the activity of lymphoid cells is modified. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] For tick infestation, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 induction and IL-2 and interferon gamma inhibition [24][25][26] are observed, indicating a polarized Th2 host immune response. 13 It has also been observed that during the bloodmeal, new mRNAs are induced in the salivary glands, leading to the synthesis of a wide range of new proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Ixodes ricinus salivary gland mRNA encoding factors induced during blood feeding.

Leboulle¹,

Rochez²,

Louahed³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In tick salivary glands, genes induced during blood feeding result in the expression of new proteins secreted into tick saliva. These proteins are potentially involved in modulation of vertebrate host immune and hemostatic responses. In this study, subtractive and full-length cDNA libraries were constructed by use of mRNA extracted from salivary glands of unfed and 5-day engorged Ixodes ricinus. Sequences from these 2 libraries were compared with European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)/GenBank databases, which led to their classification into 2 major groups. The first group comprises cDNAs that failed to match or showed low homology to genes of known function. The second group includes sequences that showed high homology to genes of known function-for example, anticoagulants, inhibitors of platelet aggregation, and immunomodulatory proteins. Analyses of corresponding proteins suggest that they may be secreted by salivary gland cells. To study the properties of the recombinant proteins, selected cDNAs were expressed in mammalian or bacterial systems.

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Immune Suppression Induced by the Brown Ear Tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Isolation of Ixodes ricinus salivary gland mRNA encoding factors induced during blood feeding.

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