Immune system-related soluble mediators and COVID-19: basic mechanisms and clinical perspectives

Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh; Parhizkar, Forough; Abdollahi, Mostafa; Shomali, Navid; Aghebati‐Maleki, Leili; Farid, Sima Shahmohammadi; Roshangar, Leila; Mahmoodpoor, Ata; Yousefi, Mehdi

doi:10.1186/s12964-022-00948-7

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 108 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[25][26][27] In this respect, evaluating TCD4+ responses would provide a better view of SARS-CoV2 in immune responses. 28,29 Nevertheless, we believe that it would be better to be…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…But we have referred to this result that frequency of HLA‐A*02 and HLA‐B*07 is about 18%–21% and 4%–7% in Iranian population, respectively 25‐27 . In this respect, evaluating TCD4+ responses would provide a better view of SARS‐CoV2 in immune responses 28,29 . Nevertheless, we believe that it would be better to be clarified in severely infected patients because these subgroups of T cells have an essential role in managing cytokine storm as the lethal effect of the COVID‐19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potent SARS‐CoV2‐specific T‐cell response in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients with hidden COVID‐19 infection history

Etemadi

Motavalli

Mirghaffari

et al. 2023

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background COVID‐19‐related immune responses in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) are characterized in detail by the humoral response, but their cellular immunity has not been clarified. Here, we evaluated virus‐specific T cells in parallel with serology‐related tests. Methods In this study, 104 ESRD patients at the hemodialysis ward of Imam Reza hospital at Tabriz (Iran) were enrolled. After blood sampling, SARS‐CoV2‐specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated by SARS‐CoV2‐specific IgM/IgG ELISA and peptide/MHCI‐Tetramers flow cytometry, respectively. Results Our results showed that 14 (13.5%) and 45 (43.3%) patients had specific SARS‐CoV2 IgM and IgG in their sera, respectively. Immunophenotyping for SARS‐CoV2‐specific CD8 + T lymphocytes revealed that 68 (65.4%) patients had these types of cells. Among SARS‐CoV2‐specific CD8 + T lymphocytes positive subjects, 13 and 43 individuals had positive results for specific SARS‐CoV2 IgM and IgG existence, respectively. Also, there was a relationship between specific SARS‐CoV2 IgM ( p = 0.031) and IgG ( p < 0.0001) existence and having SARS‐CoV2‐specific TCD8 + lymphocytes in the studied population. Conclusion Despite not having clinical symptoms, a high rate of SARS‐CoV2‐specific T‐cell response in asymptomatic ESRD patients may reveal a high burden of asymptomatic COVID‐19 infection in these patients.

show abstract

“…[25][26][27] In this respect, evaluating TCD4+ responses would provide a better view of SARS-CoV2 in immune responses. 28,29 Nevertheless, we believe that it would be better to be…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potent SARS‐CoV2‐specific T‐cell response in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients with hidden COVID‐19 infection history

Etemadi

Motavalli

Mirghaffari

et al. 2023

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hence, it is essential to increase the number of functional T cells, which in turn can be an important element of a successful immune response against SARS-CoV-2. [ 149 , 150 ]. Consequently, the abundance and activation of T lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients are crucial for a complete cure and further protection from the infection.…”

Section: Immunomodulatory Approaches To Overcome T-cell Exhaustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the abundance and activation of T lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients are crucial for a complete cure and further protection from the infection. [ 149 , 150 , 151 ].…”

Section: Immunomodulatory Approaches To Overcome T-cell Exhaustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.

show abstract

“…It has been believed that innate immune system acts as the first responder for the detection and clearance of infections. Innate immune cells secrete various cytokines which inhibit viral replication, stimulate the adaptive immune response, and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection [ 7 – 10 ]. Considerably, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for sensing invading microbes in different parts of a cell, such as the plasma membrane (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR11) or in intracellular endosomes (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, and TLR10) [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extract on activation of endosomal toll like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives From the ancient, medicinal benefits of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) have been implicated for respiratory and digestive diseases despite the effects of Hyssop on viral infections have not been mechanistically investigated. In this study, we examined whether the Hyssop extract activated anti-viral innate immunity, as a sentinel for immune system, through activation of endosomal TLRs recognizing nucleic acids and their downstream signaling. The Hyssop herb extracts was prepared and co-cultured with healthy individual’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). After viability assay, gene expression levels of TLR3,7,8,9, as well as MyD88 and NF-κB, were evaluated in treated PBMCs using Real-time PCR. Next, the secretion level of immune related cytokines was quantified via ELISA. Results Post 24 h, 40 µg/ml of the extract significantly inhibited the viability of less than 50% of cells compared to the control and had a maximum effect on cellular function. The Hyssop-treated PBMCs demonstrated an elevated expression of endosomal TLRs genes, as well as MyD88 and NF-κB. Moreover, the release of INF-α and β notably enhanced in cell culture supernatant, while the content of inflammatory cytokines remarkably diminished (P < 0.05). The Hyssop extract was capable of inducing antiviral innate immune responses so can be promising in antiviral drug strategies.

show abstract

Immune system-related soluble mediators and COVID-19: basic mechanisms and clinical perspectives

Cited by 12 publications

References 108 publications

Potent SARS‐CoV2‐specific T‐cell response in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients with hidden COVID‐19 infection history

Potent SARS‐CoV2‐specific T‐cell response in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients with hidden COVID‐19 infection history

Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines

The impact of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extract on activation of endosomal toll like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About