Immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in people with higher risk of compromised immune status: a scoping review

Kreuzberger, Nina; Hirsch, Caroline; Andreas, Marike; Böhm, Lena; Bröckelmann, Paul J.; Cristanziano, Veronica Di; Golinski, Martin; Hausinger, Renate; Mellinghoff, Sibylle C.; Lange, Berit; Lischetzki, Tina; Kappler, Verena; Mikołajewska, Agata; Monsef, Ina; Park, Yun Soo; Piechotta, Vanessa; Schmaderer, Christoph; Stegemann, Miriam; Vanshylla, Kanika; Weber, Florencia; Weibel, Stephanie; Stephani, Caspar; Skoetz, Nicole

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015021

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 continues to cause severe disease and death, particularly in cancer patients with compromised immune systems, who are more vulnerable to infection [25]. As a result, they are a high-priority category for the COVID-19 vaccine [26,27]. So far, the available evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines for vulnerable populations is limited [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Antibody Seroconversion in Cancer Patients: Impact of Therapy Cessation—A Single-Center Study

Souan,

Abdel-Razeq,

Nashwan

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Background: The effective development of COVID-19 vaccination has mitigated its harm. Using two laboratory methods, we investigated the efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA and BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 vaccines on seroconversion rates in cancer patients undergoing active cancer treatment. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were scheduled for 134 individuals. The consenting participants submitted three venous blood samples. Three samples: T0, T1, and T2. The ABBOTT-SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant and Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays were used to evaluate the samples and convert the antibody titers to WHO (BAU)/mL units. Results: Cancer patients exhibited a higher seroconversion rate at T2, regardless of vaccination type, and the mean antibody titers at T1 and T2 were higher than those at T0. BBIBP-CorV patients required a booster because BNT162b2 showed a higher seroconversion rate between T0 and T1. Statistics indicate that comparing Abbott and Roche quantitative antibody results without considering the sample collection time is inaccurate. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccines can still induce a humoral immune response in patients undergoing cancer-targeted therapy. The strength of this study is the long-term monitoring of antibody levels after vaccination in cancer patients on active therapy using two different immunoassays. Further multicenter studies with a larger number of patients are required to validate these findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Antibody Seroconversion in Cancer Patients: Impact of Therapy Cessation—A Single-Center Study

Souan,

Abdel-Razeq,

Nashwan

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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“…The exclusion criteria were: prior vaccination for COVID-19; pregnancy, or planned pregnancy; breastfeeding; MS relapse within 3 months of study entry; known active infection; infection requiring hospitalization within 4 weeks of study entry; history of cancer, excluding localized skin cancers; immunodeficiency; concomitant disease requiring systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressants; organ failure; active psychotic illness; active alcohol or drug abuse; immunosuppressives other than OCR; intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis within 3 months of study entry; prior alemtuzumab, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, methotrexate, total body irradiation, or bone marrow transplantation; treatment with non-OCR anti-CD20 depleting agent within 6 months; severe hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG serum level was <300 mg/dL), lymphopenia (<750/mm 3 ), or neutropenia (<1000/mm 3 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 However, immunocompromised individuals who have only a partial immune response to exogenous antigens are not fully immunoprotected after the relevant antigenic exposures. 3 Thus, multiple sclerosis (MS) patients whose humoral immunity has been depressed with therapeutic B-cell depletion have a higher incidence of COVID-19 infections 4–7 and COVID-19-related hospitalizations 8 after they have been vaccinated compared to non-B-cell-depleted, vaccinated MS patients. 9 At the same time, B-cell-depleted patients do benefit from vaccinations, as evidenced by their many-fold lower COVID-19 hospitalization rates following vaccination relative to the pre-vaccination epoch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of immunity to SARS-CoV2 in Ocrelizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients up to 2 years after COVID-19 vaccination

Kister,

Curtin,

Piquet

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Objectives: 1. To plot the trajectory of humoral and cellular immune responses to the primary (two-dose) COVID-19 mRNA series and the third/booster dose in B-cell-depleted multiple sclerosis (MS) patients up to 2 years post-vaccination; 2. to identify predictors of immune responses to vaccination; and 3. to assess the impact of intercurrent COVID-19 infections on SARS CoV-2-specific immunity. Methods: 60 Ocrelizumab-treated MS patients were enrolled from NYU (New York) and University of Colorado (Anschutz) MS Centers. Samples were collected pre-vaccination, and then 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks post-primary series, and 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks post-booster. Binding anti-Spike antibody responses were assessed with multiplex bead-based immunoassay (MBI) and electrochemiluminescence (Elecsys©, Roche Diagnostics), and neutralizing antibody responses with live-virus immunofluorescence-based microneutralization assay. Spike-specific cellular responses were assessed with IFNγ/IL-2 ELISpot (Invitrogen) and, in a subset, by sequencing complementary determining regions (CDR)-3 within T-cell receptors (Adaptive Biotechnologies). A linear mixed effect model was used to compare antibody and cytokine levels across time points. Multivariate analyses identified predictors of immune responses. Results: The primary vaccination induced an 11-208-fold increase in binding and neutralizing antibody levels and a 3-4-fold increase in IFNγ/IL-2 responses, followed by a modest decline in antibody but not cytokine responses. Booster dose induced a further 3-5-fold increase in binding antibodies and 4-5-fold increase in IFNγ/IL-2, which were maintained for up to 1 year. Infections had a variable impact on immunity. Interpretation: Humoral and cellular benefits of COVID-19 vaccination in B-cell-depleted MS patients were sustained for up to 2 years when booster doses were administered.

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“…Unfortunately, the immunity conferred by natural infection and the different vaccines is not sterilizing, or the level of protective immunity diminishes after some time. For that reason, infections or reinfections have been observed in both cases [ 129 , 130 ], although with less severe symptoms [ 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ]. New virus varieties keep spreading among the populations, seriously affecting the unvaccinated or those with comorbidities [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ], which is an indication that herd immunity has not been achieved in the different countries, regions, or population sectors [ 42 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 ].…”

Section: Immune Response Against Sars-cov-2 Induced By Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For that reason, infections or reinfections have been observed in both cases [ 129 , 130 ], although with less severe symptoms [ 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ]. New virus varieties keep spreading among the populations, seriously affecting the unvaccinated or those with comorbidities [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ], which is an indication that herd immunity has not been achieved in the different countries, regions, or population sectors [ 42 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 ]. LAVs vaccines could improve this situation as they induce a better immunological response without causing severe disease symptoms, and they stimulate innate and adaptive immunity, both systemic and mucosal.…”

Section: Immune Response Against Sars-cov-2 Induced By Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Live-Attenuated Vaccine and Its Contribution to Herd Immunity

Pacheco-García

Serafín‐López

2023

Vaccines

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It has been 34 months since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, which causes the COVID-19 disease. In several countries, immunization has reached a proportion near what is required to reach herd immunity. Nevertheless, infections and re-infections have been observed even in vaccinated persons. That is because protection conferred by vaccines is not entirely effective against new virus variants. It is unknown how often booster vaccines will be necessary to maintain a good level of protective immunity. Furthermore, many individuals refuse vaccination, and in developing countries, a large proportion of the population has not yet been vaccinated. Some live-attenuated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being developed. Here, we analyze the indirect dispersion of a live-attenuated virus from vaccinated individuals to their contacts and the contribution that this phenomenon could have to reaching Herd Immunity.

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Immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in people with higher risk of compromised immune status: a scoping review

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

COVID-19 Antibody Seroconversion in Cancer Patients: Impact of Therapy Cessation—A Single-Center Study

COVID-19 Antibody Seroconversion in Cancer Patients: Impact of Therapy Cessation—A Single-Center Study

Longitudinal study of immunity to SARS-CoV2 in Ocrelizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients up to 2 years after COVID-19 vaccination

Indirect Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Live-Attenuated Vaccine and Its Contribution to Herd Immunity

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