Immunity and mastitis Some new ideas for an old disease

Burton, Jeanne L.; Erskine, Ronald J.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00073-7

Cited by 172 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 198 publications

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“…It poses unsolved problems owing to the long persistence of infections and the poor success rate of treatments with antibiotics [6]. A number of studies have resorted to intramammary infections with S. aureus to explore the host/pathogen interactions in the mammary gland, and a great deal of information has accumulated on the immune and inflammatory responses of ruminants and on the virulence factors of S. aureus [8,9,52]. In spite of their usefulness, experimental infections have two major drawbacks: they are costly because they last long and may result in the culling of the experimental animals, and the complexity of mastitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureuslipoteichoic acid triggers inflammation in the lactating bovine mammary gland

et al. 2008

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-The response of the bovine mammary gland to lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which is a major pathogen-associated molecular pattern of Gram-positive bacteria, was investigated by infusing purified Staphylococcus aureus LTA in the lumen of the gland. LTA was able to induce clinical mastitis at the dose of 100 g/quarter, and a subclinical inflammatory response at 10 g/quarter. The induced inflammation was characterized by a prompt and massive influx of neutrophils in milk. LTA proved to induce strongly the secretion of the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CXCL8, which target mainly neutrophils. The complement-derived chemoattractant C5a was generated in milk only with the highest dose of LTA (100 g). The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 was induced in milk, but there was very little if any TNF-and no IFN-. The re-assessment of CXCL8 concentrations in milk whey of quarters previously challenged with S. aureus, by using an ELISA designed for bovine CXCL8, showed that this chemokine was induced in milk, contradicting previous reports. Overall, S. aureus LTA elicited mammary inflammatory responses that shared several attributes with S. aureus mastitis. Purified LTA looks promising as a convenient tool to investigate the inflammatory and immune responses of the mammary gland to S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus / mastitis / cattle / lipoteichoic acid / chemokine

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureuslipoteichoic acid triggers inflammation in the lactating bovine mammary gland

et al. 2008

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“…Em um estudo de campo, altos títulos de IgG 1, no soro, contra E. coli J5, foram associados com diminuição na incidência de mastites clínicas por coliformes (Tyler et al 1988). Este aumento na opsonização do LPS bacteriano promove uma maior migração de polimorfonucleares (PMN) para o interior da glândula mamá-ria, além de aumentar a capacidade fagocítica dos mesmos, gerando maior eliminação de bactérias do interior da glân-dula e diminuindo a incidência de casos clínicos de mastite (Tomita et al 2000, Burton & Erskine 2003, Burvenich et al 2007.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Utilização da vacina Escherichia coli J5 na imunização de vacas leiteiras contra mastites causadas por E. coli

et al. 2013

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 33(3):291-298, março 2013 291 RESUMO.-Avaliou-se a utilização da vacina Escherichia coli J5, na imunização de vacas leiteiras, para prevenção e controle da mastite causada por E. coli através da aná-lise da prevalência das infecções intramamárias (IMM) no pós-parto, ocorrência e intensidade dos casos clínicos de mastite nos primeiros 100 dias de lactação, influência na We evaluated the use of Escherichia coli J5 vaccine immunization in dairy cows for the prevention and control of mastitis caused by E. coli. Were analyzed the prevalence of postpartum intramammary infections (IMM), occurrence and severity of clinical cases of mastitis in the first 100 days of lactation, influence on somatic cell count (SCC) and milk production. The experimental group consisted of 187 animals that were divided into two groups, vaccinated and unvaccinated cows. Immunizations occurred 60 days before calving, 30 days before calving and the first week postpartum. On the day of drying and seven days after birth, samples were collected for microbiological diagnosis of mastitis pathogens. The occurrence of clinical cases was verified by testing during the milking and data was recorded related to the intensity and duration. Samples were collected monthly starting at day ten of lactation to evaluate the CCS. Milk production was recorded monthly for the first 100 days of lactation. It was found in the vaccinated group reduction in the prevalence of E. coli in the postpartum period, the occurrence of clinical cases of E. coli in the first 100 days of lactation as well the intensity of these clinical cases. There were no statistically significant differences in CCS, however vaccinated cows had higher milk production, compared to unvaccinated cows. Vaccination with E. coli J5 was effective in reducing the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMM) at calving, occurrence and intensity of clinical cases and an increase in milk production in the first 100 days of lactation. Utilização da vacina

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“…And, because SCC are constituted mainly of phagocytic cells in infected cows (e.g. Burton and Erskine, 2003), they can be used as an indicator of the intensity of the immune response to mammary pathogens. Bacterial load can be measured by the number of colony forming units (CFU) in culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediation analysis to estimate direct and indirect milk losses associated with bacterial load in bovine subclinical mammary infections

Detilleux

Théron

Duprez

et al. 2016

Animal

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Milk losses associated with mastitis can be attributed to either effects of pathogens per se (i.e. direct losses) or to effects of the immune response triggered by the presence of mammary pathogens (i.e. indirect losses). Test-day milk somatic cell counts (SCC) and number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) found in milk samples are putative measures of the level of immune response and of the bacterial load, respectively. Mediation models, in which one independent variable affects a second variable which, in turn, affects a third one, are conceivable models to estimate direct and indirect losses. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of a mediation model in which test-day SCC and milk were regressed toward bacterial CFU measured at three selected sampling dates, 1 week apart. We applied this method on cows free of clinical signs and with records on up to 3 test-days before and after the date of the first bacteriological samples. Most bacteriological cultures were negative (52.38%), others contained either staphylococci (23.08%), streptococci (9.16%), mixed bacteria (8.79%) or were contaminated (6.59%). Only losses mediated by an increase in SCC were significantly different from null. In cows with three consecutive bacteriological positive results, we estimated a decreased milk yield of 0.28 kg per day for each unit increase in log 2 -transformed CFU that elicited one unit increase in log 2 -transformed SCC. In cows with one or two bacteriological positive results, indirect milk loss was not significantly different from null although test-day milk decreased by 0.74 kg per day for each unit increase of log 2 -transformed SCC. These results highlight the importance of milk losses that are mediated by an increase in SCC during mammary infection and the feasibility of decomposing total milk loss into its direct and indirect components.

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Immunity and mastitis Some new ideas for an old disease

Cited by 172 publications

References 198 publications

Staphylococcus aureuslipoteichoic acid triggers inflammation in the lactating bovine mammary gland

Staphylococcus aureuslipoteichoic acid triggers inflammation in the lactating bovine mammary gland

Utilização da vacina Escherichia coli J5 na imunização de vacas leiteiras contra mastites causadas por E. coli

Mediation analysis to estimate direct and indirect milk losses associated with bacterial load in bovine subclinical mammary infections

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