Immunity to Amoeba

Nowak, Barbara F.; Valdenegro-Vega, Victoria A.; Crosbie, Philip; Bridle, Andrew R.

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.021

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…A wide range of fish species are hosts to a series of skin and gill parasites including amoebae (Dyková, Figueras, Novoa, & Casal, 1998; Dyková, Kostka, Wortberg, Nardy, & Pecková, 2010; Dyková & Lom, 2004), and many are associated with severe gill pathology (Buchmann, Nielsen, Sigh, & Bresciani, 2004; Dyková et al, 2010; Dyková & Tyml, 2016; Nowak, Valdenegro‐Vega, Crosbie, & Bridle, 2014; Perolo et al, 2019). Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) farming in Denmark comprises rearing of trout in recirculated systems, conventional and organic earth ponds and concrete raceways and gill parasitic infections caused by Ichthyobodo, Apiosoma, Ambiphrya, and amoebae have also been recorded in all these systems (Buchmann & Bresciani, 1997; Buchmann, Nielsen, et al, 2004; Dyková & Tyml, 2016; Jørgensen, Larsen, & Buchmann, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gill amoebae from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In vitro evaluation of antiparasitic compounds againstVannellasp.

Jensen

Karami

Mathiessen

et al. 2020

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Gill parasitic infections challenge farming of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) in freshwater facilities. Apart from flagellates (Ichthyobodo, (Pinto) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius (Fouquet), Ambiphrya (Raabe), Apiosoma (Blanchard), Trichodinella (Sramek‐Husek) and Trichodina (Ehrenberg)), we have shown that amoebae are prevalent in Danish trout farms. Gills were isolated from farmed rainbow trout in six fish farms (conventional and organic earth pond and recirculated systems) and placed on non‐nutrient agar (NNA) moistened with modified Neff's amoeba saline (AS) (15°C). Gill amoebae from all examined fish colonized the agar and were identified based on morphological criteria showing species within the genera Trinema (Dujardin) (family Trinematidae), Vannella (Bovee) (family Vannellidae). In addition, hartmannellid amoebae were recorded. We established a monoculture of Vannella sp., confirmed the genus identity by PCR and sequencing and performed an in vitro determination of antiparasitic effects (dose–response studies) of various compounds including sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formalin, aqueous garlic and oregano extracts and a Pseudomonas H6 surfactant. All amoebae were killed in concentrations of 16.90 mg/ml (garlic), 17.90 mg/ml (oregano), NaCl (7.5 mg/ml), hydrogen peroxide (100 µg/ml), peracetic acid (0.03 µg/ml), formaldehyde (25 µg/ml) and the Pseudomonas H6 surfactant (250 µg/ml).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gill amoebae from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In vitro evaluation of antiparasitic compounds againstVannellasp.

Jensen

Karami

Mathiessen

et al. 2020

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…While amoebic gill disease (AGD) is perhaps the most significant disease in terms of gill health and economic impact (Nowak, Valdenegro‐Vega, Crosbie, & Bridle, ; Oldham, Rodger, & Nowak, ; Rodger, ; Steinum et al., ; Taylor, Muller, Cook, Kube, & Elliott, ), there are numerous other agents that are associated with gill disease (Gunnarsson et al., ; Mitchell & Rodger, ). Proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) was the term introduced to describe recurring gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway with a multifactorial aetiology (Kvellestad, Falk, Nygaard, Flesjå, & Holm, ; Steinum et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of co‐infections with pathogens associated with gill disease in Atlantic salmon during an amoebic gill disease outbreak

Downes

Yatabe

Marcos-López

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Gill diseases are a complex and multifactorial challenge for marine farmed Atlantic salmon. Co-infections with putative pathogens are common on farms; however, there is a lack of knowledge in relation to the potential effect co-infections may have on pathology. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and potential effects of Neoparamoeba perurans, Desmozoon lepeophtherii, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Tenacibaculum maritimum and salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) during a longitudinal study on a marine Atlantic salmon farm. Real-time PCR was used to determine the presence and sequential infection patterns of these pathogens on gill samples collected from stocking until harvest. A number of multilevel models were used to determine the effect of these putative pathogens on gill health (measured as gill histopathology score), while adjusting for the effect of water temperature and time since the last freshwater treatment. Results indicate that between 12 and 16 weeks post-seawater transfer (wpst), colonization of the gills by all pathogens had commenced and by week 16 of marine production each of the pathogens had been detected. D. lepeophtherii and Candidatus B. cysticola were by far the most prevalent of the potential pathogens detected during this study. Detections of T. maritimum were found to be significantly correlated with temperature showing distinct seasonality. Salmon gill poxvirus was found to be highly sporadic and detected in the first sampling point, suggesting a carryover from the freshwater stage of production. Finally, the model results indicated no clear effect between any of the pathogens. Additionally, the models showed that the only variable which had a consistent effect on the histology score was N. perurans.

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“…Current AGD management practices are resource demanding and labor intensive, involving numerous bath treatments throughout a production cycle. Freshwater bathing has been the standard method of treating the disease in Tasmania but is limited by access to freshwater (Nowak et al, 2014). In cooler production areas, hydrogen peroxide is an effective treatment, but the treatment is recognized as having a narrow safety margin at higher temperatures (Adams et al, 2012) or where fish are compromised by advanced AGD (McCarthy et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Non-destructive Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Neoparamoeba perurans

et al. 2017

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Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by Neoparamoeba perurans, has emerged in Europe as a significant problem for the Atlantic salmon farming industry. Gross gill score is the most widely used and practical method for determining AGD severity on farms and informing management decisions on disease mitigation strategies. As molecular diagnosis of AGD remains a high priority for much of the international salmon farming industry, there is a need to evaluate the suitability of currently available molecular assays in conjunction with the most appropriate non-destructive sampling methodology. The aims of this study were to assess a non-destructive sampling methodology (gill swabs) and to compare a range of currently available real-time polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of N. perurans. Furthermore a comparison of the nondestructive molecular diagnostics with traditional screening methods of gill scoring and histopathology was also undertaken. The study found that all molecular protocols assessed performed well in cases of clinical AGD with high gill scores. A TaqMan based assay (protocol 1) was the optimal assay based on a range of parameters including % positive samples from a field trial performed on fish with gill scores ranging from 0 to 5. A higher proportion of gill swab samples tested positive by all protocols than gill filament biopsies and there was a strong correlation between gill swabs tested by protocol 1 and gross gill score and histology scores. Screening for N. perurans using protocol 1 in conjunction with non-destructive gill swab samples was shown to give the best results.

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Immunity to Amoeba

Cited by 34 publications

References 80 publications

Gill amoebae from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In vitro evaluation of antiparasitic compounds againstVannellasp.

Gill amoebae from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In vitro evaluation of antiparasitic compounds againstVannellasp.

Investigation of co‐infections with pathogens associated with gill disease in Atlantic salmon during an amoebic gill disease outbreak

Evaluation of Non-destructive Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Neoparamoeba perurans

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