Immunity to betanodavirus infections of marine fish

Chen, Young Mao; Wang, Ting Yu

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.019

Cited by 47 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…However, the use of live pathogens for fish immunization raises concerns about their containment and poses risks of vertical/horizontal transmission [27]. To confirm these concerns, we observed by RT-PCR the presence of VERv in brain samples from all fish infected by sub-optimal doses of live virus (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Betanodavirus infection is characterized by a high pathogenicity and is associated with extensive mortality in fish farms [27]. Different attempts for immunization had previously been tested by inactivating the virus with either formalin [5, 28, 29] or binary ethylenimine (BEI) [28, 30], by the use of recombinant capsid proteins [31–33] or by DNA-based vaccines [33, 34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A formalin-inactivated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects

Nuñez-Ortiz

Pascoli

Picchietti

et al. 2016

Vet Res

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The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an important farmed fish species in the Mediterranean area, very sensitive to the infection by encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERv), or Betanodavirus, which causes massive mortalities. Effective vaccines to fight the pathology are not yet available and in this work we describe a promising intraperitoneal immunization route against VERv of sea bass juveniles. We performed intraperitoneal and immersion immunization trials with a VERv (isolate 283.2009 RGNNV) inactivated by formalin, β-propiolactone and heat treatment. Interestingly, the intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv induced a significant antigen-specific IgM production, differently from other inactivation protocols. However, the same formalin-inactivated antigen resulted in very low IgM antibodies when administered by immersion. Following the intraperitoneal injection with formalin-inactivated virus, the quantitative expression of the antiviral MxA gene showed a modulation of transcripts in the gut after 48 h and on head kidney after 24 h, whereas ISG12 gene was significantly up-regulated after 48 h on both tissues. In immersion immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv, a modulation of MxA and ISG12 genes after 24 h post-treatment was detected in the gills. An effective uptake of VERv particles in the gills was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using anti-VERv antibodies. Lastly, in challenge experiments using live VERv after intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv, we observed a significant increase (81.9%) in relative survival percentage with respect to non-immunized fish, whereas immersion immunization resulted in no protection. Our results suggest that intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv could be a safe and effective strategy to fight Betanodavirus infection in European sea bass.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0376-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A formalin-inactivated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects

Nuñez-Ortiz

Pascoli

Picchietti

et al. 2016

Vet Res

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“…To date, three types of IFN have been described in vertebrates (type I, II and III). Types I and II-IFN are present in fish [211,212] and both have been detected in individuals infected with betanodavirus [163]. I-IFN transcription has been reported to be up-regulated in sea bass [213] and grouper [212], II-IFN production increased in experimentally infected turbot [214], whereas both I and II IFN were induced in infected zebra fish [215].…”

Section: Host Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Types I and II-IFN are present in fish [211,212] and both have been detected in individuals infected with betanodavirus [163]. I-IFN transcription has been reported to be up-regulated in sea bass [213] and grouper [212], II-IFN production increased in experimentally infected turbot [214], whereas both I and II IFN were induced in infected zebra fish [215]. IFN up-regulation has also been described in in vitro assays, in barramundi brain (BB), grouper brain (GB) and FHM cells [216][217][218].…”

Section: Host Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review

2020

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The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host-virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.

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“…VER infection activates host B lymphocytes to produce a powerful adaptive humoral response (Valero et al., ), especially since antibodies are potentially responsible for neutralization of the virus and protecting the host from damage resulting from the infection (Chen, Wang, & Chen, ). The anti‐Betanodavirus antibodies detected in the challenged fish are indicative of an active infection with both infection methods, regardless of the low mortality that resulted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Betanodavirus in experimentally infected European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) using non‐lethal sampling methods

Ferreira

Costa

Macchia

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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One of the major disease threats affecting the Mediterranean aquaculture industry is viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). The target organs for Betanodavirus detection are the brain and eyes, obtained through lethal sampling. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and suitability of non‐lethal samples for detecting Betanodavirus in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). European seabass juveniles were infected with Betanodavirus, by either an intramuscular injection or immersion (107 TCID50/ml and 106 TCID50/ml, respectively), and samples collected 7, 15 and 30 days post‐infection (dpi). The brain was collected as a lethal sample, and gills, caudal fin and blood as non‐lethal tissues for detecting Betanodavirus by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR). The presence of virus in non‐lethal tissues was inconsistent, with lower viral loads than in the brain. For blood, higher viral loads were detected in intramuscular‐infected fish at 15 dpi until the end of the challenge. Serum antibodies against Betanodavirus were assessed using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies were detected as early as 7 dpi, with higher mean antibody titres at 15 and 30 dpi. The presence of Betanodavirus‐specific antibodies indicates that this is a suitable evaluation method for detecting early stages of the infection.

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Immunity to betanodavirus infections of marine fish

Cited by 47 publications

References 134 publications

A formalin-inactivated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects

A formalin-inactivated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects

Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review

Detection of Betanodavirus in experimentally infected European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) using non‐lethal sampling methods

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