Immunity to bovine herpesvirus 1: II. Adaptive immunity and vaccinology

Abstract

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases. Although similar in many respects to the human immune response to human herpesvirus 1, the differences in the bovine virus proteins, immune system components and strategies, physiology, and lifestyle mean the bovine immune response to BHV-1 is unique. The innate immune system initially responds to infection, and primes a balanced adaptive immune response. Cell-mediated immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing of infected cells, is critical to recovery from infection. Humoral immunity, including neutralizing antibody and antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is important to prevention or control of (re-)infection. BHV-1 immune evasion strategies include suppression of major histocompatibility complex presentation of viral antigen, helper T-cell killing, and latency. Immune suppression caused by the virus potentiates secondary infections and contributes to the costly bovine respiratory disease complex. Vaccination against BHV-1 is widely practiced. The many vaccines reported include replicating and non-replicating, conventional and genetically engineered, as well as marker and non-marker preparations. Current development focuses on delivery of major BHV-1 glycoproteins to elicit a balanced, protective immune response, while excluding serologic markers and virulence or other undesirable factors. In North America, vaccines are used to prevent or reduce clinical signs, whereas in some European Union countries marker vaccines have been employed in the eradication of BHV-1 disease. AbstractBovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases.

Identification of immediate early gene products of bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) as dominant antigens recognized by CD8 T cells in immune cattle

“…Vaccination is widely deployed to control disease caused by BHV-1. A number of inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are commercially available, but the latter are more commonly used because of the requirement for only one vaccine dose (reviewed in [18,19]). A vaccine using a virus containing a deletion of the gene encoding gE is widely used at present; in addition to being highly attenuated, this virus is incapable of reactivation and its use allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals based on detection of serological responses to gE [20].…”

Evaluation of BHV-1 antibody titer in a cattle herd against different BHV-1 strains

“…The low BVH-1 titer may result from BHV-1 interference against host immune responses. It is known that BHV-1 can be immune-suppressive and interfere with innate and adaptive immune responses Chowdhury, 2007, 2010;Koppers-Lalic et al, 2003;Levings and Roth, 2013). Immunosuppression by BHV-1 is mostly caused by infection of monocytes and macrophages, which leads to impaired phagocytosis, loss of CD4 + T cell, reduced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity function, and poor T stimulation (Biswas et al, 2013;Lovato et al, 2003).…”

The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease

“…Many of these immune evasion strategies have been covered in reviews of the specific pathogens. [41][42][43][44] B cells and antibody responses B-cell surface immunoglobulins recognize pathogen epitopes. After antigen recognition and additional downstream signals, B cells terminally differentiate into antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells.…”

“…CD4 1 T cells are considered essential for clearance of BHV-1, with recognition of glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, and VP8 by these immune cells. 44 Defining antigenic regions within these major glycoproteins recognized by CD4 1 T cells is important for novel vaccines strategies for BHV-1, and, in this regard, CD4 1 T cells epitopes have been mapped on gB 69 and gD. 70 Similarly, gC and gD have been shown to be targets of cytotoxic CD8 1…”