Immunity to diphtheria in young British adults

Masterton, R G; Tettmar, R.E.; Pile, R.L.C.; Jones, John Verrier; Croft, K.F.

doi:10.1016/s0163-4453(87)91351-x

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This is particularly so when the Schick test, which is used today to distinguish the 'immune' from the 'non-immune', cannot be correlated with antibody response [17]. Although the distribution of antibody levels to DT in various populations is well documented [8, [18][19][20], there is little information on the antibody responses to individual fragments and defined epitopes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human antibody response to fragments A and B of diphtheria toxin and a synthetic peptide of amino acid residues 141–157 of fragment A

Perera

Corbel

1990

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYExamination of a selection of serum samples from adults from two regions of England showed that 50 % of men in the 16-24 years and over 55 years age groups had high titres of antibody to diphtheria toxin (DT). In contrast, only 11 % of women aged 16 to over 55 years had high titres of antibody to DT. All human antisera with high anti-DT titres reacted with a synthetic peptide (SP) corresponding to the amino acids 141-157 of DT fragment A, with sera from men aged 35 to over 55 years showing the highest titres. High antibody titres to fragment A paralleled those to SP in both sexes. Titres of antibody to DT fragment B were highest in individuals with high titres to DT. In sera from both sexes immunoglobulin G1 was the predominant subclass reactive with all three antigens. However, both IgG1 and IgG4 and to a lesser extent IgG2 and IgG3 were present in immunoglobulin concentrates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human antibody response to fragments A and B of diphtheria toxin and a synthetic peptide of amino acid residues 141–157 of fragment A

Perera

Corbel

1990

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…In one United Kingdom survey, history of vaccination was not found to be a good predictor of immunity; 21% of those said not to have been immunised were not immune compared with 9% of those who had. 2 This incident shows not only the importance of culturing routine throat swabs for C diphtheriae, but also that all colonial types on the Hoyles plate should be identified. Non-toxigenic strains can produce local symptoms similar to those caused by toxigenic strains and previous immunisation does not alter the incidence of these symptoms.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 95%

Screening for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Wilson

Matthews²,

Bahl³

et al. 1992

J Clin Pathol

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A throat swab from a 9 year old girl with pharyngitis yielded a non-toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae var mitis and Streptococcus group G. C pseudodiphtheriticum was isolated from the throats oftwo ofher four brothers. In each case the isolate was sent to the reference laboratory before fill identification. The growth was found to be mixed for one brother; the other isolate being a toxin producing C diphtheriae var gravis. The child was asymptomatic and the case proves that all colonial types on the Hoyles plate should be identified. (7 Clin Pathol 1992;45:1036-1037 We have already suggested that routine screening for Corynebacterium diphtheriae should not be abandoned in the United Kingdom despite the current lack of staff and resources.' We describe a family outbreak that would not have otherwise been detected and which illustrates a potential pitfall in diagnosis. The family were then requested to attend the general practitioner to have throat swabs taken and they were treated with erythromycin. The parents and two of the brothers were asymptomatic, but the 2 year old and the 4 month old brother had fever without a sore throat. The family had been in the United Kingdom for 13 years since leaving Malaysia. One month earlier, the parents and the youngest child had been on a pilgrimage to Mecca. The other children had been looked after by a grandmother who was visiting from Malaysia.No pathogens were isolated from the pharyngeal cultures of the parents, the youngest child, or from one of the asymptomatic brothers. However, the throat swab from the 2 year old showed a heavy growth of a group G Streptococcus and, on Hoyles medium, of Gram positive bacilli, later identified by API Coryne as C pseudodiphtheriticum.Culture of the throat swab of the asymptomatic 7 year old produced six colonies of a coryneform on the Hoyles plate. A subculture was made and the original plate was sent to the reference laboratory. The subcultured isolates did not produce a halo on a Tinsdale plate, and were later identified as C pseudodiphtheriticum. However, subcultures from the original plate at the reference laboratory showed two colonial types, one of which produced a halo on the Tinsdale medium. This isolate was identified as C dtphtheriae var gravis and was shown to produce toxin both by the Elek test and by guinea pig inoculation. It differed from the strain isolated from the sister by producing acid from glycogen and not from sucrose. The second colony type was C pseudodiphtheriticum.Re-examination of the original culture of the sister's throat confirmed the presence of only non-toxigenic C diphtheriae var mitis.Five days later, the mother complained of headache and malaise and was found to have tonsillitis and a nasal discharge. The father and all the children were well. The mother and three of the children were admitted to an isolation hospital and, with the exception of the youngest child, they were treated with antitoxin and another course of erythromycin. All throat swabs were negative and the mother m...

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“…As a consequence, herd immunity against diphtheria is at risk of compromise in several countries [142][143][144][145][146]. On the other hand, university students at an age ∼ 20, who have not received a recent booster dose, constitute a relatively homogeneous group of volunteers, in which the effect of a new oral booster vaccine should be possible to follow.…”

Section: Diphtheria As a Model For Proof Of Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Starch microparticles as vaccine adjuvant

Rydell¹,

Stertman²,

Sjöholm³

2005

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

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The demand for new vaccine adjuvants is well documented. New purified antigens from parasites, bacterial or viral pathogens, as well as recombinant subunit antigens and synthetic peptides, are often inherently weak immunogens; therefore, they need some kind of adjuvant to help initiate an immune response. In addition, there are very few adjuvants using the potential of the mucosal immune system, which may play an important role in the defence against air- and food-borne infections. Starch is a natural biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that is suitable for the production of various particulate adjuvant formulations, which can induce mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. This review gives an account of the different starch adjuvants used in immunisation studies. In particular, the properties of polyacryl starch microparticles as an oral vaccine adjuvant that induce protective immune responses in mice challenge experiments are summarised. In addition, a diphtheria booster vaccine has been proposed to be used to proving the concept in man and the possibilities to design an efficient vaccine formulation for human use are discussed.

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Immunity to diphtheria in young British adults

Cited by 29 publications

References 8 publications

Human antibody response to fragments A and B of diphtheria toxin and a synthetic peptide of amino acid residues 141–157 of fragment A

Human antibody response to fragments A and B of diphtheria toxin and a synthetic peptide of amino acid residues 141–157 of fragment A

Screening for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Starch microparticles as vaccine adjuvant

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