Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans

Topham, David J.; DeDiego, Marta L.; Nogales, Aitor; Sangster, Mark Y.; Sant, Andrea J.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a038729

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 334 publications

(404 reference statements)

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“…From an immunological perspective, the Latin-American environmental condition characterized by a higher frequency of rains (like in Colombia and other tropical countries without the classic seasons), associated with a higher frequency of viral respiratory infections, caused by different types of viruses, could be related with a persistent exposition and training of the innate and adaptive immune responses, which allows an efficient response to respiratory viral infections, with better clinical evolution and, therefore, lower complications and mortality. [7][8][9][10]…”

Section: Epidemiological Exposure To Viral Respiratory Infections: Momentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Colombia endpoints. Are we different, like Europe?

Amariles

Granados

Ceballos

et al. 2021

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy

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A B S T R A C TThe infection by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has taken the dimension of a pandemic, affecting more than 160 countries in a few weeks. In Colombia, despite the implementation of the rules established by the national government, exists an elevate concern both for mortality and for the limited capacity of the health system to respond effectively to the needs of patients infected. For Colombia, assuming a case fatality rate among people infected with SARS-CoV-2 of 0.6% (average data from the information reported for Latin American countries for March 18) (Table 1), the number of deaths, in one or two weeks, could be 16 and 243, respectively. These estimates differ markedly from those documented in countries such as Spain and Italy, in which COVID-19 case fatality rates exceed 8% (case of Italy) and from the percentage of patients who have required intensive care, which has ranged from 9% to 11% of patients in Mediterranean European countries. These differences could be explained due to: a) the percentage of the population at risk (individuals older than 60 years); b) a higher epidemiological exposure to viral respiratory infections associated with more frequent exposure to them, due to geographic and climatic conditions; c) less spread of the virus by location in the tropical zone; and d) earlier preventive measures to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it is possible to establish that the situation in this country will be different from in European Mediterranean and that Colombia could have different endpoints from Spain and Italy. * Corresponding author. Street 67 # 53 -108 Office 2-118,

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Section: Epidemiological Exposure To Viral Respiratory Infections: Momentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Colombia endpoints. Are we different, like Europe?

Amariles

Granados

Ceballos

et al. 2021

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy

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“…Immunity to influenza infection has been extensively studied and much of what is known is from a mixture of human and animal evidence. 13,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] However, less is known about the effect of immunity in preventing influenza infection versus attenuating illness, and immune correlates of illness attenuation. In a given individual, immunoattenuation is dynamic due to: (1) innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses, (2) responses at mucosal and systemic anatomical compartments, (3) responses to homotypic and heterosubtypic viruses, (4) time-varying immune responses that wane and are boosted by repeated exposures and vaccination, (5) immunosenescence (eg, alterations in protective immunity with age and underlying conditions).…”

Section: Dynamics Of Influenza Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-mediated attenuation of influenza illness after infection: opportunities and challenges

et al. 2021

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Sterilising immunity that blocks infection for life, and thus prevents illness after infection, is the ultimate goal for vaccines. Neither influenza infection nor vaccination provide sterilising immunity. Mutations during influenza viral genome replication result in the emergence of viruses that evade immunity and cause reinfections. Waning of immunity also results in reinfections to homologous influenza viruses. However, immunity might limit the severity of disease after infection or vaccination (ie, immunoattenuation). We provide a comprehensive examination of experimental and observational peer reviewed evidence since 1933, when the first influenza virus was isolated, on whether immunity blocks subsequent infection or attenuates illness. Although an abundance of experimental evidence supports immunoattenuation, clinical evidence is rudimentary and conflicting. To the extent that immunoattenuation occurs, understanding the varied pathways to illness, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and correlates of attenuation can improve the design and evaluation of influenza vaccines. By elucidating the mechanisms of immunoattenuation and phenotypes of illness, we clarify ambiguities and identify unmet needs that, if addressed with priority, could strategically improve the design of vaccines for the prevention of influenza."The chief danger in human influenza lies not in the effect of the virus on the nasal mucosa but in the tendency to lung involvement and if the presence of circulating antibodies is a check upon such pulmonary involvement it is possible that their production in man by vaccine inoculations would have some influence upon the mortality-rate of an epidemic even if it had no influence upon the morbidity." 1

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“…Currently, only two IAV subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) circulate in humans and result in seasonal influenza epidemics of mild to severe respiratory illness with instances of fatal outcomes (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Despite global vaccination campaigns, which represent the most cost-effective strategy to prevent IAV infections (4,5,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), it is estimated that seasonal influenza infections are still responsible for approximately 4 million cases of severe disease and 500,000 deaths worldwide yearly (14)(15)(16) (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)). In addition, zoonotic IAV can cause sporadic pandemics of severe consequences (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, LAIV have the potential to elicit broader protection because they induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (5, 9, 10, 27, 38). Moreover, since LAIV are delivered nasally, they induce strong mucosal immunity at the site of infection (8, 35, 39). Finally, due to their induction of a cross-reactive cell-mediated immunity, which targets conserved viral proteins, LAIV confer more efficient protection against heterologous IAV strains, which is important in the case of antigenic mismatch between vaccine and circulating strains (9, 10, 27-34, 40-43).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, because safety concerns, the United States (U.S.) licensed LAIV remains restricted to 2- to 49-year old healthy, non-pregnant persons. In addition, the increased levels of IAV pre-existing immunity in the >50-year old adults can also limits the LAIV uptake (4, 8, 44). As a result, many individuals who are at high risk for severe influenza are unable to receive LAIV or vaccine efficacy is poor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A single amino acid substitution in PB1 of pandemic H1N1 with A/Ann Arbor/6/60 master donor virus mutations as a novel live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine

Nogales

Steel

Liu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Influenza A viruses (IAV) remain emerging threats to human public health. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) are one of the most effective prophylactic options to prevent disease caused by influenza infections. However, licensed LAIV remain restricted for use in 2- to 49-year old healthy and non-pregnant people. Therefore, development of LAIV with increased safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy is highly desired. The United States (U.S.) licensed LAIV is based on the master donor virus (MDV) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 H2N2 backbone, which was generated by adaptation of the virus to growth at low temperatures. Introducing the genetic signature of the U.S. MDV into the backbone of other IAV strains resulted in varying levels of attenuation. While the U.S. MDV mutations conferred an attenuated phenotype to other IAV strains, the same amino acid changes did not significantly attenuate the pandemic A/California/04/09 H1N1 (pH1N1) strain. To attenuate pH1N1, we replaced the conserved leucine at position 319 with glutamine (L319Q) in PB1 and analyzed the in vitro and in vivo properties of pH1N1 viruses containing either PB1 L319Q alone or in combination with the U.S. MDV mutations using two animal models of influenza infection and transmission, ferrets and guinea pigs. Our results demonstrated that L319Q substitution in the pH1N1 PB1 alone or in combination with the mutations of the U.S. MDV resulted in reduced pathogenicity (ferrets) and transmission (guinea pigs), and an enhanced temperature sensitive phenotype. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating an attenuated MDV based on the backbone of a contemporary pH1N1 IAV strain.

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Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans

Cited by 11 publications

References 334 publications

COVID-19 in Colombia endpoints. Are we different, like Europe?

COVID-19 in Colombia endpoints. Are we different, like Europe?

Immune-mediated attenuation of influenza illness after infection: opportunities and challenges

A single amino acid substitution in PB1 of pandemic H1N1 with A/Ann Arbor/6/60 master donor virus mutations as a novel live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine

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