Immunity to poliomyelitis in Victorians

Hogg, Katharine; Hogg, Geoff; Lester, Rosemary; Uren, Eric

doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00343.x

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Even so, it remains important to maintain herd immunity. Although the levels of immunity in this study, especially to poliovirus 3, are lower than in the earlier Victorian study, 11 they are much higher than those reported in serosurveys from NSW (in which the same laboratory method was used as in the present survey) in 1972, 1980 and 1982 [26][27][28] when there was no evidence that wild virus circulated. However, Finland experienced a small outbreak of type 3 infection in 1983 when only 60% of preschoolaged children were immune to type 3, 29 a similar level to that found in a small group of 101 vaccinated preschool-aged Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in north Queensland in 1995.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…These estimates are lower than were found in sera collected, from various sources, between 1991 and 1995 in Victoria from subjects under the age of 40 years. 11 Depending on age, 90-100% of Victorians were seropositive to type 1, 94-100% seropositive to type 2 and 80-97% seropositive to type 3. This difference is unlikely to be due to the fact that the Victorian cohorts were born several years earlier than the national cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia, 1996–99

Gidding

Backhouse

Gilbert

et al. 2005

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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This is the first national serosurvey for immunity to poliovirus in Australia. Herd immunity is probably sufficient to prevent generalised outbreaks due to type 1 and 2 poliovirus, but this may not be the case for type 3. However, localised outbreaks of any poliovirus type could still occur following reintroduction unless uniformly high levels of vaccination coverage are maintained. Ongoing serosurveillance is required following the recent change back to inactivated polio vaccine.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia, 1996–99

Gidding

Backhouse

Gilbert

et al. 2005

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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“…In addition, the production of inflammatory cytokines is altered during both PMV and PVS infection (data not shown). Therefore the question arises, how do individuals develop the strong and lasting immunity (29,50,52) associated with the Sabin vaccine? Several models can be hypothesized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are Productively Infected by Poliovirus

Wahid¹,

Cannon²,

Chow

2005

J Virol

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Expression of the poliovirus receptor (PVR) on cells is a major host determinant of infection by poliovirus.Previously, the only immune cell type known to express PVR was the blood-derived monocyte, which is susceptible to infection at very low frequency. We demonstrate that professional antigen-presenting cellsmacrophages and dendritic cells, generated upon differentiation of monocytes-retain expression of PVR and are highly susceptible to infection by type 1 Mahoney strain of poliovirus. Maximal cell-associated titers of virus are obtained within 6 to 8 h postinfection, and cell death and lysis occurs within 24 h postinfection. Similar kinetics are observed in cells infected with the Sabin 1 vaccine strain. Although protein synthesis and receptor-mediated endocytosis are inhibited upon poliovirus infection of these critical antigen-presenting cells, we demonstrate for the first time that functional presentation of antigen occurs in these infected cells via the HLA class II pathway.Poliovirus (PV), a prototypical member of the Picornaviridae family, is a small, nonenveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus whose replication is limited to specific cells and tissues that express the PV receptor (PVR; CD155) (30, 40) on the cell surface. Most cells of the immune system, such as T and B lymphocytes, are not susceptible to PV infection (35, 41), as they do not express PVR. In contrast, Freistadt et al. demonstrated that human peripheral blood monocytes do express PVR (22). However, monocytes are not very permissive to PV infection; viral protein production could only be demonstrated at very low frequency in a subpopulation of monocytes (18,21).Monocytes are precursor cells that are able to differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) (10-12, 36, 44). In response to pathogens, inflammatory cytokines, or necrotic cells, DCs and macrophages play central roles in the induction of immune responses. These antigen-presenting cells (APCs) acquire and process antigens, displaying them in the context of HLA class I and II molecules at the cell surface (9,31,43,45). Subsequent interaction of the HLA-antigen complexes and costimulatory molecules on APCs with T cells in the presence of relevant secreted cytokines induces immune responses (26). DCs are critical APCs that, in contrast to macrophages, are unique in being able to induce primary immune responses from naive T cells to novel antigens in humans (6).To better understand the interaction of PV with the immune system, we characterized the susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages and DCs to PV infection. We show here that these in vitro-differentiated macrophages and DCs retain PVR expression and can be productively infected with PV. The kinetics of viral infection in these APCs follows that seen for PV infection with well-characterized laboratory cell lines (7, 38) and results in cell death. Furthermore, PV-induced cytopathic effects typically observed during viral infection of standard cell lines (1, 3, 37, 41, 48) are also seen here upon infection with either...

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“…The majority of these studies have been directed towards the protective neutralizing antibody response in various populations worldwide (6,10,15,28,45,49); less attention has been given to adaptive T-cell responses and the probable role of these cells in the resolution of PV infection.…”

Section: T-cell Responses In Vitro From Vaccinees Both Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-Specific CD4⁺and CD8⁺Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses and Long-Term T-Cell Memory in Individuals Vaccinated against Polio

Wahid¹,

Cannon²,

Chow

2005

J Virol

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The presence of poliovirus (PV)-specific CD4؉ T cells in individuals vaccinated against polio has been shown, but CD8 ؉ T-cell responses have not been described. Here, we functionally characterize the CD4 ؉ T-cell response and show for the first time that dendritic cells and macrophages can stimulate PV-specific CD8 ؉ T-cell responses in vitro from vaccinees. Both CD4؉ T and CD8 ؉ T cells secrete gamma interferon in response to PV antigens and are cytotoxic via the perforin/granzyme B-mediated pathway. Furthermore, the T cells also recognize and kill Sabin 1 vaccine-infected targets. The macrophage-stimulated CD4 ؉ T and CD8 ؉ T cells most likely represent memory T cells that persist for long periods in vaccinated individuals. Thus, immunity to PV vaccination involves not only an effective neutralizing antibody titer but also long-term CD4؉ and CD8؉ cytotoxic T-cell responses.Immunity to poliovirus (PV) as a result of a vaccination regimen with oral Sabin vaccine (OPV) and/or inactivated Salk vaccine (IPV) has been the focus of many studies. The majority of these studies have been directed towards the protective neutralizing antibody response in various populations worldwide (6,10,15,28,45,49); less attention has been given to adaptive T-cell responses and the probable role of these cells in the resolution of PV infection.T-cell responses to PV have been studied primarily in mice. These studies have identified several epitopes in PV structural proteins that are recognized by murine CD4 and CD8 T cells (17,21,23,26). As normal mice lack the human poliovirus receptor (PVR) and are not, therefore, susceptible to poliovirus infection, the role of the PV-specific T cells in protective immunity in these mice could not be determined. However, adoptive transfers of PV-specific CD4 T cells into PVR-transgenic mice that are susceptible to PV infection showed that CD4 T cells do indeed provide protection against infection by lethal doses of PV and that these CD4 T cells provide help to B cells to produce protective antibodies (26). In contrast, studies identifying PV-specific T cells present in humans, the normal host for PV, have been limited. It is clear that PV-specific CD4 T cells are induced in vaccinated individuals, and some CD4 T-cell epitopes have been defined (13, 43). There are no previous reports that a CD8 T-cell-mediated response to PV is initiated in vaccinated individuals, even following recent IPV boosters (20), or in primates that are susceptible to PV infection.The induction of cytotoxic CD8 T cells is a cornerstone of viral immunity, as CD8 T cells are important in viral clearance. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (M) are central to the initiation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to pathogens. We have recently shown that these critical antigen-presenting cells (APCs) express PVR and can be productively infected with PV, with kinetics and cytopathology similar to those seen during infection of HeLa cells, and that infection results in apoptotic cell death (48). Several processes that are important in...

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Immunity to poliomyelitis in Victorians

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia, 1996–99

National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia, 1996–99

Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are Productively Infected by Poliovirus

Virus-Specific CD4⁺and CD8⁺Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses and Long-Term T-Cell Memory in Individuals Vaccinated against Polio

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Immunity to poliomyelitis in Victorians

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia, 1996–99

National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia, 1996–99

Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are Productively Infected by Poliovirus

Virus-Specific CD4+and CD8+Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses and Long-Term T-Cell Memory in Individuals Vaccinated against Polio

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Virus-Specific CD4⁺and CD8⁺Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses and Long-Term T-Cell Memory in Individuals Vaccinated against Polio