Immunity, Transferrin, and Survival in Kwashiorkor

McFarlane, H.; Reddy, S.; Adcock, K. J.; Adeshina, H.; Cooke, A. R.; Akene, J.

doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5730.268

Cited by 176 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Since both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are impaired with the severe protein deficiency relative to calories that results in kwashiorkor, it is not surprising that administration of iron to children with kwashiorkor before protein repletion has restored immune mech anisms has been reported to increase fatalities from overwhelming bacterial sepsis (43).…”

Section: Iron Deficiency and Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional consequences of iron deficiency in human populations.

Scrimshaw

1984

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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Section: Iron Deficiency and Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional consequences of iron deficiency in human populations.

Scrimshaw

1984

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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“…There is a possibility that protein deficiency accelerates oxygen radical-induced tissue damage by lowering antioxidant defenses (16)(17)(18). We examined the effect of recommended daily exercise on the oxidative stress by measuring the amounts of TBARS, GSH and GSSG and the activities of GPX and SOD in the blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommended Daily Exercise for Japanese Does Not Increase the Protein Requirement in Sedentary Young Men.

Kido

Tsukahara

Rokutan

et al. 1997

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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SummaryIn a previous study, we reported that protein intake at the level of dietary protein allowance for Japanese adults, i.e. 1.08g/kg per day, was enough for recommended daily exercise. However, whether or not recommended daily exercise increases the protein requirement for young adults has not been examined. In this study, we investigated the effect of recommended daily exercise on the protein requirement under an isoenergetic state by a nitrogen balance method. After an adaptation period of 3 days, 12 healthy college students exercised for 10 days with a non-exercise control period of 10 days before or after the exercise period. They were given a maintenance level of energy and 0.64g/kg per day of high-quality mixed proteins, estimated as the average protein requirement for adults by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, throughout the experimental period. They performed treadmill running during the exercise period at about 65% of V02 max for 25 or 40min/d, which expended 200 or 300 kcal of extra energy, respectively. Although the exercise increased the dermal nitrogen loss, a compensatory decrease in urinary nitrogen excretion was observed. Consequently, the exercises (200 and 300 kcal/d) did not significantly affect the nitrogen balance. These findings indicate that the recommended amount of daily exercise does not change the protein requirement. Key Words recommended daily exercise, protein requirement, dermal nitrogen loss, nitrogen balance Recently, the average energy expenditure of Japanese adults is decreasing. This is mainly due to a decrease in daily physical activity.

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“…Jackson and Burrows (4) showed that the injection of iron enhances the growth of bacteria in mice, and Rogers (9) observed that in lethal infections in guinea pigs, bacteria grew extremely rapidly in animals treated with iron. In protein-calorie malnutrition, McFarlane et al (7) showed that the serum transferrin concentration was very closely related to prognosis and that when the transferrin concentration was less than 0.40 mg/ml the prognosis was grave. It is therefore likely that the observed increase in incidence of infection in malnourished rats that were given oral iron supplement during refeeding was due to a combination of high serum iron and low serum transferrin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…O n the other hand, McFarlane et al (7) reported that some children with severe kwashiorkor developed overwhelming infections during treatment. This study is concerned with the effects of iron therapy during the refeeding of experimentally malnourished rats.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Therapy and Refeeding in Experimentally Malnourished Rats

Olusi

McFarlane

1978

Pediatr Res

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Summary1. Rats suffering from protein-energy malnutrition were found to have low serum iron, low PCV, and low hemoglobin concentrations.2. Oral iron supplement during the refeeding of these animals caused various types of infection, the severity of which was related to the dose of iron given.3. A close association between high serum iron, low serum transferrin, and high incidence of bacterial infection was found.4. A high protein diet without any oral iron supplement was found to raise the PCV and hemoglobin concentration to the same levels as a high protein diet containing 65 mg iron/kg body wtlday, although this dose of iron was sufficient to produce infection in the malnourished rats during refeeding. SpeculationIron supplementation during the treatment of children with protein-energy malnutrition may predispose to bacterial infection, the severity of which depends on the dose of iron given.Although all are agreed that iron-deficiency anemia is a common problem in malnourished children, there is no agreement regarding the addition of iron to the diet during the treatment of these children. Segura et al. (12) suggested that malnourished infants should be given supplements of iron to combat iron-deficiency anemia.O n the other hand, McFarlane et al. (7) reported that some children with severe kwashiorkor developed overwhelming infections during treatment. This study is concerned with the effects of iron therapy during the refeeding of experimentally malnourished rats. Iron tablets were used. These were ground into powder. Ganote and Nahara (2) reported that large doses of ferrous sulfate were toxic in rats. Since the optimal iron requirements of rats are not known, it was decided to employ the following different dose schedules: 65, 130, 195 and 200 mg/kg body wt/ day. Each rat was weighed and the calculated daily dose of iron powder required was added to its diet. 62OTHER MATERIALS Antisera to rat transferrin and C3 were obtained from Cappel Laboratories, Inc., USA, while anti-rat albumin and IgG were obtained from Miles Laboratories. Iron determination kits were obtained from Boehringer Corporation Ltd. METHODSMalnutrition was established in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding them ad libitum for 42 days on average grade baker's flour which had been fortified with multivitamins.The rats were placed in individual stainless steel cages and were allowed free access to distilled water. At the end of this period, the animals had developed some loss of hair and their mean body weight was 80.5 +-20.3 g compared with 320 +-60.5 g for those fed on a high protein mouse cube diet. Ten of these malnourished animals and 1 0 well fed controls had their eyes swabbed for bacteriologic investigations and were then killed. Blood was collected for H b , PCV, and for serum albumin, transferrin, C3, and iron estimations. The remaining malnourished rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of 1 0 animals, and were refed with the high protein mouse cube diet as follows: group I, diet containing 65 mg iron/kg body wt/ day; gr...

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Immunity, Transferrin, and Survival in Kwashiorkor

Cited by 176 publications

References 14 publications

Functional consequences of iron deficiency in human populations.

Functional consequences of iron deficiency in human populations.

Recommended Daily Exercise for Japanese Does Not Increase the Protein Requirement in Sedentary Young Men.

Iron Therapy and Refeeding in Experimentally Malnourished Rats

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