Immunization against Medically Important Human Coronaviruses of Public Health Concern

Abstract

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a virus that affects the human immune system. It was observed to be on the rise since the beginning of 2020 and turned into a life‐threatening pandemic. Scientists have tried to develop a possible preventive and therapeutic drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and other related coronaviruses by assessing COVID‐19‐recovered persons’ immunity. This study aims to review immunization against SARS‐CoV‐2, along with exploring the interventions that have been developed for the prevention of SARS‐CoV‐2. This study also highlighted the role of phototherapy in treating SARS‐CoV infection. The study adopted a review approach to gathering the information available and the progress that has been made in the treatment and prevention of COVID‐19. Various vaccinations, including nucleotide, subunit, and vector‐based vaccines, as well as attenuated and inactivated forms that have already been shown to have prophylactic efficacy against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and SARS‐CoV, have been summarized. Neutralizing and non‐neutralizing antibodies are all associated with viral infections. Because there is no specific antiviral vaccine or therapies for coronaviruses, the main treatment strategy is supportive care, which is reinforced by combining broad‐spectrum antivirals, convalescent plasma, and corticosteroids. COVID‐19 has been a challenge to keep reconsidering the usual approaches to regulatory evaluation as a result of getting mixed and complicated findings on the vaccines, as well as licensing procedures. However, it is observed that medicinal herbs also play an important role in treating infection of the upper respiratory tract, the principal symptom of SARS‐CoV due to their natural bioactive composite. However, some Traditional Chinese Medicines contain mutagens and nephrotoxins and the toxicological properties of the majority of Chinese herbal remedies are unknown. Therefore, to treat the COVID‐19 infection along with conventional treatment, it is recommended that herb‐drug interaction be examined thoroughly.