The gram-negative bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and a risk factor for gastric cancer in humans. Adapted H. pylori strains, such as strain SS1, are able to infect mice and are a useful model for gastric colonization and vaccination studies. In this study we used a streptomycinresistant derivative of H. pylori SS1 to analyze the colonization behavior and the success of vaccination in wild-type (wt) and various knockout mice of the BALB/c and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds. We here report that BALB/c interleukin-4 knockout (IL-4 ؊/؊ ) mice are weakly overcolonized compared to the wt strain but that the IL-12 ؊/؊ knockout results in a strong overcolonization (500%). Unexpectedly, in the C57BL/6J background the same knockouts behaved in diametrically opposed manners. The IL-4 ؊/؊ mutation caused a 50% reduction and the IL-12 ؊/؊ knockout caused a 95% reduction compared to the wt colonization rate. For C57BL/6J mice we further analyzed the IL-18 ؊/؊ and Toll-like receptor 2 knockout mutations, which showed reductions to 66 and 57%, respectively, whereas mice with the IL-10 ؊/؊ phenotype were hardly infected at all (5%). In contrast, the tumor necrosis factor receptor knockout (p55 ؊/؊ and p55/75 ؊/؊ ) mice showed an overcolonization compared to the C57BL/6J wt strain. With exception of the low-level infected C57BL/6J IL-10 ؊/؊ and IL-12 ؊/؊ knockout mice, all knockout mutants were accessible to a prophylactic vaccination and their vaccination behavior was comparable to that of the wt strains.