Immunization of cattle against theileriosis using varying doses of Theileria parva lawrencei and T. parva parva sporozoites and oxytetracycline treatments

Mutugi, J.J.; Young, A. S.; Maritim, A.C.; Ndungu, S.G.; Stagg, D.A.; Grootenhuis, J.G.; Leitch, B. L.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(88)90008-2

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The treatment costs have been estimated to be as high as Kshs. 200-400 per treatment (Mutugi et al, 1988;Young et al, 1988;Young et al, 1989;Young et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic impacts of East Coast Fever immunization on smallholder farms, Kenya: a simulation analysis

Nyangito¹,

Richardson²,

Mundy³

et al. 1996

Agricultural Economics

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A whole farm simulation model, Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES), was used to assess ex‐ante financial and economic impacts of immunization of dairy cattle against East Coast Fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM) on smallholder farms from two sites in Kenya. Four alternative strategics of immunization in combination with different levels of acaricide use were compared with the current acaricide‐based method of control. The economic impacts were estimated using simulated net present values, present values of ending net worth, internal rates of return, benefit‐cost ratios, annual cash farm incomes, cash expenses, and net farm incomes. The results from the analysis indicate that ECF immunization strategics are financially and economically viable on smallholder farms. Based on the risk preference for risk averse producers, the most preferred strategy was to adopt ITM in combination with a 75% reduction in acaricidc use. The results obtained provide a good indication of the relative orders of magnitude of the farm level financial and economic effects of ECF immunization by ITM. The whole farm simulation model used for the analysis has the advantage of incorporating the risks involved in farm production. Whole farm simulation offers a flexible method for assessing the financial and economic impacts of alternative disease control methods on smallholder farms.

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“…The treatment costs have been estimated to be as high as Kshs. 200-400 per treatment (Mutugi et al, 1988;Young et al, 1988;Young et al, 1989;Young et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic impacts of East Coast Fever immunization on smallholder farms, Kenya: a simulation analysis

Nyangito¹,

Richardson²,

Mundy³

et al. 1996

Agricultural Economics

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“…Great difficulties are currently being encountered in using buffalo-derived T. p. lawrencei stocks in the infection-and-treatment immunisation since oxytetracycline treatment does not always prevent the development of clinical disease in immunised cattle (Mutugi et aL, 1988b). It would appear from a comparative study that buparvaquone treatment could be safer than oxytetracycline in the control of more virulent theilerial stocks (Mutugi et al, 1988a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In a study where cattle were immunised against a virulent T. p. lawrencei parasite, buparvaquone controlled higher doses of this parasite stock (Mutugi et al, 1988a) better than both short-and long-acting oxytetracycline formulations as shown in a comparative immunisation study (Mutugi, Young, Maritim, Ndungu, Stagg, Grootenhuis and Leitch, 1988b) where the same parasite stock was used.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiological observations on theileriosis following field immunisation using infection and treatment

Mutugi

Young

Kariuki

et al. 1991

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Thirty-seven high grade cattle were immunised against Corridor disease (Theileria parva lawrencei infection) on a farm with a history of heavy and often lethal theilerial challenge. Nineteen cattle were immunised by treating with two doses of long-acting oxytetracyclines given at 20 mg/kg on days 0 and 4 after sporozoite stabilate inoculation, while the other 18 were treated with naphthoquinone buparvaquone, given as a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg simultaneously with stabilate inoculation. All the cattle underwent subclinical theilerial reactions with all but two developing high antibody titres on the IFAT test against T. parva schizont antigen by day 35 after the immunisation. Both buparvaquone and long-acting oxytetracycline appeared equally effective in the immunisation. To date, 26 months later, only two cases of theileriosis parasitologically characteristic of T. p. parva have been reported in the immunised cattle. Following the two cases, investigations showed that when uninfected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks were deliberately fed on healthy resident cattle on the farm, the resultant adult ticks transmitted acute and lethal theilerial infections to five out of five susceptible cattle. The resultant infections were parasitologically characteristic of T. p. parva infections. Furthermore, the monoclonal antibody profiles of schizont infected cell lines from these infections appeared to be characteristic of T. p. parva. It was thus concluded that resident cattle on the farm could be a potential source of T.p. parva infection which had broken through the immunity of T.p. lawrencei immunised cattle and could constitute a reservoir of theilerial infection for ticks and hence to susceptible stock on the farm.

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“…that the animal experiences "immunization failure ". However, the outcome following infection with T. parva is dose-dependent (Dolan et al, 1984): a dose needs to be increased sufficiently to acquire infection (Mutugi et al, 1988), but increases the risk that an animal shows a severe reaction following immunization requiring additional treatment (and which may result in death), i.e. that the animal experiences "dysimmunization" (Marcotty et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titrating Theileria parva: Single stocks against combination of stocks

Speybroeck

Marcotty

Aerts

et al. 2008

Experimental Parasitology

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Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), an important cattle disease in East and Central Africa. One of the methods for control of ECF is 'infection and treatment', a procedure in which an animal is infected with the live parasite and at the same time treated with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation, restraining the infection and allowing a protective cellular immune response to develop. Optimal immunizing doses were estimated using models of trichotomous response: dysimmunization (death or severe reaction during immunization), immunization failure (death or severe reaction during lethal challenge) and successful immunization (neither dysimmunization nor immunization failure). In this paper we present methods of interpreting immunization trials and apply these methods to previously unpublished data from two such trials: one with a mixture of three T. parva stocks and one with a single T. parva stock. We explain why titration trials conducted with a cocktail of antigens could predict a suboptimal immunization dose. Indeed it is possible for a combination of three individually efficient stocks to result in a mixture with which optimal immunization response might be difficult to achieve, because of averaging effects. The corresponding interpretation provides insights into why standard immunization trials for T. parva have not yielded the results that might be expected of them. The results of this work may also have implications for the use of antigen cocktails in cancer, HIV and malaria vaccine trials.

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Immunization of cattle against theileriosis using varying doses of Theileria parva lawrencei and T. parva parva sporozoites and oxytetracycline treatments

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Economic impacts of East Coast Fever immunization on smallholder farms, Kenya: a simulation analysis

Economic impacts of East Coast Fever immunization on smallholder farms, Kenya: a simulation analysis

Epidemiological observations on theileriosis following field immunisation using infection and treatment

Titrating Theileria parva: Single stocks against combination of stocks

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