Immunochemical Assays and Nucleic-Acid Detection Techniques for Clinical Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and the most common cancer in men in Europe, North America, and some parts of Africa. The established methods for detecting PCa are normally based on tests using Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in blood, Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) in urine and tissue Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) as tumour markers in patient samples. Prior to the introduction of PSA in clinics, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was the most widely used biomarker. An early diagnosis of PCa through the detection of these biomarkers requires the availability of simple, reliable, cost-effective and robust techniques. Immunoassays and nucleic acid detection techniques have experienced unprecedented growth in recent years and seem to be the most promising analytical tools. This growth has been driven in part by the surge in demand for near-patient-testing systems in clinical diagnosis. This article reviews immunochemical assays, and nucleic-acid detection techniques that have been used to clinically diagnose PCa.

Inflammation Thread Runs across Medical Laboratory Specialities

“…Biomarkers relating to particular disease states, for example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) [ 65 ] or those of oxidized lipoproteins, genetically determined come to increase the size of big data in personalized medicine, their heritability being under scrutiny with twin pair studies [ 66 ].…”

Label-free Detection of Prostate Specific Antigen at a Screen-printed Immunosensor Modified with a Nanostructured Gold Layer

“…A second issue arises from the fact that there can be considerable reluctance on the part of the patient to actively request medical advice. 4 Even where help is sought, clinical assessment can be ambiguous as many of the complaints are seldom specific to PCa and can easily be attributed to a host of other non-cancerous conditions such as infection or inflammation. There are many issues that can impede early diagnosis and, all too often, the cancer is not detected until the cancer has spread.…”

“…A detailed description of these assays is provided elsewhere 4 but irrespective of the assay type: the central limitation is that the analysis is done within a central laboratory. There remains a pressing need to provide much more routine screening within the primary care sector and it is little surprise to find that the sensor community continues to explore the development of PSA technologies.…”

“…There are many issues that can impede early diagnosis and, all too often, the cancer is not detected until the cancer has spread. 4 The need for rapid screening diagnostics for PCa has long been recognized and there have been some measures to proactively screen those sectors of the populace who are deemed to be "at risk". Prostate cancer incidence is strongly linked to age and seldom diagnosed in those younger than 50 years.…”

Expressão da proteína BRCA2 em prostatectomia e sua correlação com a biópsia em pacientes com câncer de próstata

“…Um biomarcador é definido como uma molécula ou outro dado que caracteriza um processo biológico em estado normal e patológico, sendo que sua expressão se diferencia ou só é estabelecida em estado patológico. Logo, é uma ferramenta importante, utilizada para se Nossa hipótese a respeito do PSA, que ainda é um método de intensa controvérsia, pode ser sustentada pelo fato do PSA não ser considerado câncer específico, podendo estar alterado em outros processos patológicos da próstata, reforçando a ideia de que o aumento do PSA visto em tumores da próstata não esteja diretamente relacionado ao processo neoplásico, diminuindo a confiabilidade da utilização do PSA no diagnóstico prostático, fato que tem sido cada vez mais sugerido por estudiosos da área(56)(57)(58)(59)(60). Gleason =7, apresentaram expressão positiva para o marcador em questão.…”