Immunocompetence and Dietary Protein Intake in Early Infancy

Zoppi, G; Gerosa, Franca; Pezzini, Angela; Bassani, Nilo; Rizzotti, Paolo; Bellini, Pierantonio; Todeschini, Gianna; Zamboni, Giorgio; Vazzoler, Gianfranco; Tridente, Giuseppe

doi:10.1097/00005176-198201020-00005

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…In conclusion, in light of our present results and other work suggesting potential immune (25,27), reproductive (32,33), and endocrine (34,35) effects in infants or adults as a result of high isoflavone consumption, the use of soy formula for infant nutrition and high soy͞isoflavone intake by adults through the use of supplements needs to be approached with caution.…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Infants fed soy formula did indeed have reduced titers of antibodies against polio, tetanus, diptheria, and pertussis compared with infants that had been similarly vaccinated but fed cow milk formula (27). Morbidity, mainly upper respiratory infections and bronchitis, was increased in soy-fed vs. cow milk formula-fed infants (25,27). Thus, the effects observed in this study with genistein effects on T cells and immune function in mice parallel some reports in human infants suggesting soy formula consumption impairs T cell and immune function while increasing morbidity.…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Large-scale studies addressing immune function or morbidity in soy-fed infants are needed to conclusively determine whether there are immediate or longterm immune abnormalities associated with soy formula consumption, but data from this study, the largest to examine effects of soy formula consumption, are not inconsistent with this possibility. In addition, there are reports that gamma globulins and immunoglobulins are decreased in soy-fed infants compared with cow milk formula-fed controls (25,26). T cell function appeared to be more impaired in soy-fed infants than B cell function (25).…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition, there are reports that gamma globulins and immunoglobulins are decreased in soy-fed infants compared with cow milk formula-fed controls (25,26). T cell function appeared to be more impaired in soy-fed infants than B cell function (25). The decreased immunoglobulins and complement levels and impairments in T cell function suggested that soy-fed infants could have impaired humoral and cell-mediated immunity.…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

Yellayi

Naaz

Szewczykowski

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

165

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Use of soy-based infant formulas and soy͞isoflavone supplements has aroused concern because of potential estrogenic effects of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Here we show that s.c. genistein injections in ovariectomized adult mice produced doseresponsive decreases in thymic weight of up to 80%. Genistein's thymic effects occurred through both estrogen receptor (ER) and non-ER-mediated mechanisms, as the genistein effects on thymus were only partially blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Genistein decreased thymocyte numbers up to 86% and doubled apoptosis, indicating that the mechanism of the genistein effect on loss of thymocytes is caused in part by increased apoptosis. Genistein injection caused decreases in relative percentages of thymic CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ and double-positive CD4 ؉ CD8 ؉ thymocytes, providing evidence that genistein may affect early thymocyte maturation and the maturation of the CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ helper T cell lineage. Decreases in the relative percentages of CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ thymocytes were accompanied by decreases in relative percentages of splenic CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ cells and a systemic lymphocytopenia. In addition, genistein produced suppression of humoral immunity. Genistein injected at 8 mg͞kg per day produced serum genistein levels comparable to those reported in soy-fed human infants, and this dose caused significant thymic and immune changes in mice. Critically, dietary genistein at concentrations that produced serum genistein levels substantially less than those in soy-fed infants produced marked thymic atrophy. These results raise the possibility that serum genistein concentrations found in soy-fed infants may be capable of producing thymic and immune abnormalities, as suggested by previous reports of immune impairments in soy-fed human infants. S oy-based formula for human infant nutrition is widely used, with approximately 25% of formula-fed infants in the U.S. consuming soy-based formula (1). This number represents 15% of all infants in the U.S., or about 750,000 infants͞year (1, 2). Infants consuming soy formula are exposed to high levels of genistein and daidzein, estrogenic isoflavones present in soybeans and soy products. On average, infants fed soy-based formula consume 6.0-11.9 mg of isoflavones͞kg per day (3, 4), an order of magnitude greater than adults eating high-soy diets. Total plasma levels of isoflavones and genistein in soy-fed infants range from 2.0 to 6.6 and 1.5 to 4.4 mol͞liter, respectively (3), 10-fold greater than levels in Japanese adults whose diets have historically included soy, and 200-fold greater than plasma levels in infants fed cow's milk formula or human breast milk (3, 5). Levels of the free genistein aglycone as a percent of total genistein are higher in rat pups than in adults (6), but have not been measured in human infants. If a similar phenomenon occurs in humans, relative levels of the biologically active free aglycones may be even greater than the 10-fold difference documented in total (free ϩ conjugated) serum isoflavone and genistein levels in...

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Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

Yellayi

Naaz

Szewczykowski

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Possible link between high levels of soy consumption and immune impairments was contradictory. There were previous reports indicated that T cell function and immunoglobulin were decreased in infants fed soy formula compared with cow milk formula fed controls [18,19]. Further evidence implies that soy phytoestrogens may suppress immune function when rats fed diets containing high doses of soy phytoestrogens as immunosuppressive agent to delay rejection of rat cardiac allografts [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Influence of Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens on Cytokine Production and Immunoglobulin in Ovariectomized Rats

2016

IJACEBS

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Abstract-This study was designed to examine the relationship between soy phytoestrogens supplementation in ovariectomized rats and pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin. Twenty four female rats were ovariectomized then divided equally into 3 groups; control group, was fed on casein based diet, low soy phytoestrogens group was fed a diet contained 7% soy and high soy phytoestrogens group received a diet of 26% soy for 28 days. At the end of experiment, rats were weighed then blood samples were collected on EDTA for total leukocyte count (TLC). Serum samples were taken for interleukins assay, lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin. Animals were sacrificed and thymus and spleen were weighed. The body weight gain was significantly declined in ovariectomized rats fed high soy diet at the first 3 weeks of the experiment. Rats fed high soy diet showed significant reduction in thymic weight compared to control ones. IL-1α and IL-2 were significantly suppressed in rats fed high soy diet compared to control rats. However, IL-4 was significantly stimulated in rats fed high soy diet compared to control rats. Both IgM and IgG levels were significantly increased in rats fed high soy diet compared to control rats. There was a significant decrease in lysozyme activity in rats fed high soy diet compared to rats fed low soy diet. TLC was significantly increased in rats fed high and low soy diets. In conclusion, soy supplementation altered selected immunological parameters of ovariectomized female rats.

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NTP‐CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of soy formula

Rozman

Bhatia

Calafat

et al. 2006

Birth Defects Research Pt B

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Immunocompetence and Dietary Protein Intake in Early Infancy

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

Influence of Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens on Cytokine Production and Immunoglobulin in Ovariectomized Rats

NTP‐CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of soy formula

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