Immunocytochemical detection of ricin. II. Further studies using the immunoperoxidase method

Griffiths, Gareth; Newman, Helen; Gee, David

doi:10.1007/bf01676120

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In animal studies, ricin has been detected in tissue sections, some tissue specimens, nasal swabs, and fluids by immunologically based methods. 53,92,93 Immunologically based methods have been applied to human and animal fluid specimens in the past and have the potential to measure concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/mL (1.54 pmol/L). [93][94][95][96][97][98] cases, clinicians should collect urine and serum samples and contact their state public health department or CDC for further guidance.…”

Section: Cleavage Of a And B Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ricin Poisoning

Audi¹,

Belson²,

Patel³

et al. 2005

JAMA

567

292

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ROWING AWARENESS AND concern about ricin, a potent biologic toxin, as a possible terrorist weapon has necessitated a comprehensive review of this poison. 1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categorizes ricin as a Category B agent (second-highest priority), as it is moderately easy to disseminate, resulting in low mortality but moderate to high morbidity, and requires specific enhancement of the CDC's diagnostic and disease surveillance capacity. 2 Such agents are not routinely encountered, so heightened awareness in the health care community and a strong public health infrastructure are necessary for detection and response. We therefore have summarized the literature on ricin poisoning and provided recommendations for clinicians and public health professionals dealing with a ricin attack against a civilian population. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Using PubMed, we searched MEDLINE and OLDMEDLINE databases from January 1950 to August 2005 using the keywords ricin, ricinus communis, ricinine, plant toxins, castor beans, castor dust, and castor oil. Keywords were used alone and with the modifiers toxicity, poisoning, diagnosis, clinical effects, treatment , warfare, chemical terrorism, and weapon. The Chemical and Biological Information Analysis Center (http: //www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil) database was searched for historical and military literature related to ricin tox-CME available online at www.jama.com Context The recent discoveries of ricin, a deadly biologic toxin, at a South Carolina postal facility, a White House mail facility, and a US senator's office has raised concerns among public health officials, physicians, and citizens. Ricin is one of the most potent and lethal substances known, particularly when inhaled. The ease with which the native plant (Ricinus communis) can be obtained and the toxin extracted makes ricin an attractive weapon. Objectives To summarize the literature on ricin poisoning and provide recommendations based on our best professional judgment for clinicians and public health officials that are faced with deliberate release of ricin into the environment. Literature Acquisition Using PubMed, we searched MEDLINE and OLDMEDLINE databases (January 1950-August 2005). The Chemical and Biological Information Analysis Center database was searched for historical and military literature related to ricin toxicity. Book chapters, unpublished reports, monographs, relevant news reports, and Web material were also reviewed to find nonindexed articles. Results Most literature on ricin poisoning involves castor bean ingestion and experimental animal research. Aerosol release of ricin into the environment or adulteration of food and beverages are pathways to exposure likely to be exploited. Symptoms after ingestion (onset within 12 hours) are nonspecific and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain and may progress to hypotension, liver failure, renal dysfunction, and death due to multiorgan failure or cardiovascular collapse. Inhalation (onset of symptoms is likely within 8 hou...

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Section: Cleavage Of a And B Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ricin Poisoning

Audi¹,

Belson²,

Patel³

et al. 2005

JAMA

567

292

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Subsequently, ELISA was reported for plasma and tissue extract 5 . Griffiths 6 , et al studied immunocytochemical detection of ricin using an immunoperoxidase method on tissue after a ricin injection. Ricin (2 µg) could be detected at the injection site, but was not found by this method in lymphoid tissue, even though radio-labelled ricin was detected in these tissues.…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Ricin in Water Samples using Disposable Screen-printed Electrodes

Suresh

Kumar

Kolhe

et al. 2007

DSJ

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Ricin is a highly toxic plant toxin, which is extracted from the beans of the castor plant, Ricinus communis. Ricin is thousand times more poisonous than cyanide and thirty times more potent than nerve gases. The toxin (ricin) could be used to contaminate food or water, causing panic. Attempts were made for the detection of ricin in water samples by utilising amperometric immunosensors. Single-use screen-printed electrodes were made using polystyrene and graphite. These electrodes were tested for their ability to detect 1-naphthol which is the product of the reaction between 1-naphthyl phosphate and the enzyme alkaline phosphatase conjugate. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system was used to detect ricin. First, ricin antigen was incubated on the screen-printed electrode. This was followed by blocking with BSA and incubation with antibody raised against ricin in rabbit. The last step wass the incubation with anti-antibody of rabbit conjugated to enzyme alkaline phosphatase. This electrode is inserted in an electrochemical cell containing diethanolamine buffer and a potential of 0.4 V wrt reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) was applied using a potentiostat. Various experiments were carried out for optimising the conditions like substrate concentration, amount of antibody raised against ricin, anti-antibody alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and blocking agents. It was found that the response of amperometric sensor is proportional to the logarithmic of ricin concentration from 100 ng/ml to 3200 ng/ml. Using traditional methods, it is possible to detect ricin concentration up to 300 ng/ml in 18 h, while with amperometric immunosensor, one can detect ricin as low as 40 ng/ml within 90 min. The details of making the screen-printed electrodes, characterisation, optimisation of various conditions for the highest sensitivity have been discussed.

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“…Destruction of draining LNs following intramuscular injury of the thigh was autologous to the local necrotic lymphadenopathy determined in Markov’s case [11]. In line with these findings, studies on intramuscularly-administered radio-iodinated ricin in rats demonstrated accumulation of radioactivity in muscle draining LNs [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Intramuscular Ricin Poisoning of Mice Leads to Widespread Damage in the Heart, Spleen, and Bone Marrow

Sapoznikov

Rosner

Falach

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Ricin, a lethal toxin derived from castor oil beans, is a potential bio-threat due to its high availability and simplicity of preparation. Ricin is prepared according to simple recipes available on the internet, and was recently considered in terrorist, suicide, or homicide attempts involving the parenteral route of exposure. In-depth study of the morbidity developing from parenteral ricin poisoning is mandatory for tailoring appropriate therapeutic measures to mitigate ricin toxicity in such instances. The present study applies various biochemical, hematological, histopathological, molecular, and functional approaches to broadly investigate the systemic effects of parenteral intoxication by a lethal dose of ricin in a murine model. Along with prompt coagulopathy, multi-organ hemorrhages, and thrombocytopenia, ricin induced profound morpho-pathological and functional damage in the spleen, bone marrow, and cardiovascular system. In the heart, diffuse hemorrhages, myocyte necrosis, collagen deposition, and induction in fibrinogen were observed. Severe functional impairment was manifested by marked thickening of the left ventricular wall, decreased ventricular volume, and a significant reduction in stroke volume and cardiac output. Unexpectedly, the differential severity of the ricin-induced damage did not correlate with the respective ricin-dependent catalytic activity measured in the various organs. These findings emphasize the complexity of ricin toxicity and stress the importance of developing novel therapeutic strategies that will combine not only anti-ricin specific therapy, but also will target ricin-induced indirect disturbances.

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Immunocytochemical detection of ricin. II. Further studies using the immunoperoxidase method

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Ricin Poisoning

Ricin Poisoning

Detection of Ricin in Water Samples using Disposable Screen-printed Electrodes

Intramuscular Ricin Poisoning of Mice Leads to Widespread Damage in the Heart, Spleen, and Bone Marrow

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