Immunodeficiency Disorders in Horses

Crisman, Mark V.; Scarratt, W. Kent

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2008.03.003

Cited by 41 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Moreover, the transfer of other proteins such as maternal antibodies varies dramatically among species during the gestation. 107,108 In carnivores, some mammals, and rodents, the placenta transfer of antibody can occur from mother to fetus. 107,108 In contrast, the placenta of ruminants such as bovine and ovine species forms a barrier between maternal and fetal circulations that impedes the transfer of antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in ovine brain and somatic tissues

Spasova

Sadowska

Threlkeld

et al. 2014

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) found in relatively high concentrations in human plasma are important in inflammation. IAIPs attenuate brain damage in young and adult subjects, decrease during sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants, and attenuate sepsis-related inflammation in newborn rats. Although a few studies have reported adult organ-specific IAIP expression, information is not available on age-dependent IAIP expression. Given evidence suggesting IAIPs attenuate brain damage in young and adult subjects, and inflammation in newborns, we examined IAIP expression in plasma, cerebral cortex (CC), choroid plexus (CP), cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and somatic organs in fetal, newborn, and adult sheep to determine the endogenous expression patterns of these proteins during development. IAIPs (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were higher in newborn and adult than fetal plasma (P<0.05). Western immunoblot detected 125 kDa PaI (Pre-alpha Inhibitor) and 250 kDa IaI (Inter-alpha Inhibitor) in plasma, CNS, and somatic organs. PaI expression in CC and CP was higher in fetuses than newborns and adults, but IaI expression was higher in adults than fetuses and newborns. Both PaI and IaI were higher in fetal than newborn CSF. IAIPs exhibited organ-specific ontogenic patterns in placenta, liver, heart, and kidney. These results provide evidence for the first time that plasma, brain, placenta, liver, heart, and kidney express IAIPs throughout ovine development and that expression patterns are unique to each organ. Although exact functions of IAIPs in CNS and somatic tissues are not known, their presence in relatively high amounts during development suggests their potential importance in brain and organ development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in ovine brain and somatic tissues

Spasova

Sadowska

Threlkeld

et al. 2014

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…Most mammals are born with a very low concentration of immunoglobulins and take them up from milk during the postnatal period. Failure of this transfer is well documented in domesticated animals (8,47,48).…”

Section: Selective Hypo-hyper Albuminaemia or Globulinaemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This leads to decreased concentrations of γ-globulins and sometimes total globulins. It has been described in foals, calves, and puppies (8,42). …”

Section: Selective Hypo-hyper Albuminaemia or Globulinaemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of native agarose gel electrophoresis of serum proteins in veterinary diagnostics

Jania

Andraszek

2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Electrophoretic techniques, used to separate mixtures of electrically charged particles, are widely used in science. One of these techniques, native protein electrophoresis in an agarose gel, is applied in human and veterinary medicine. Changes in the proportions of individual protein fractions correspond to significant changes in the physiology of the body. Although the pattern obtained by electrophoretic separation rarely indicates a specific disease, it provides valuable information for the differential diagnosis. Decades of research on the types of patterns obtained in the case of particular diseases have led to the accumulation of substantial knowledge. The paper presents the available information on this topic. Serum protein electrophoresis is recommended in cases of increased levels of total protein in order to reveal the nature of the process. The basic information which can be obtained from electrophoretic separation includes the immune status of the organism. Both increased antigenic stimulation and immunodeficiency are clearly visible in electropherograms. Moreover, the level of heterogeneity of the corresponding protein fractions can help to distinguish between infectious diseases and cancer -multiple myeloma -the latter producing a homogeneous immunoglobulin fraction. Analysis of other protein fractions helps to detect or confirm an ongoing inflammatory process and provides information regarding liver function. Even when the concentration of total protein is within the reference range, this analysis can be recommended as a basic laboratory test.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Severe combined immunodeficiency, a lethal inherited condition in which both T‐cell and B‐cell function is absent, has been described in horses, humans, mice, and dogs 5,8,9 . SCID was first described in children in the 1960s and Arabian foals in 1973 5,8,9 . SCID in Arabian horses results from a spontaneous mutation in the gene encoding deoxyribonucleic acid‐protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs), a subunit of deoxyribonucleic acid‐protein kinase (DNA‐PK), an enzyme important in DNA repair 5,9 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in a Caspian Filly

Larson¹,

Buechner-Maxwell²,

Crisman³

et al. 2011

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 4-week-old female Caspian filly was examined by Equine Field Services (EFS) at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine for a 1-week history of bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge and stertorous breathing. The filly had been bright with a good appetite and was not observed coughing. The owner reported a normal foaling, and the filly had risen and suckled fairly quickly after birth, but the foal's immunoglobulin G (IgG) status was unknown and the mare was not current on vaccinations. There were 17 other horses on the farm, including 2 other mare and foal pairs, all reportedly normal.On presentation, the filly was bright, with an estimated body weight of 35 kg and body condition score of 4 of 9. Physical examination findings included a rectal temperature of 391C, heart rate of 104/min, and respiratory rate of 18/min. Mucous membranes were slightly injected and capillary refill time was o2 seconds. Increased bronchovesicular sounds were heard bilaterally on auscultation of the lungs; sounds were accentuated on rebreathing exam. All joints and the umbilicus palpated normally. Diagnostic testing was limited because of owner financial constraints, and included a CBC, thoracic ultrasound examination, and upper airway endoscopy. Ultrasonography identified pleural roughening bilaterally. Endoscopy identified pharyngeal edema and copious white purulent material in the trachea (score 5/5 1 ) and pharynx, which was collected for culture and cytology. Treatment initiated on the farm, based on a working diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia and pending laboratory results, included ceftiofur a (4 mg/kg SC q12h Â 2 days, then 4 mg/kg SC q24h) for suspected pneumonia, flunixin meglumine b (1 mg/kg IV, once) to reduce inflammation and pyrexia, clenbuterol c (0.8 mg/kg PO q12h) as a bronchodilator, and guaifenesin d (3 mg/kg PO q12 h) as an expectorant.Lymphopenia (268/mL; reference range, 1,730-4,850/ mL 2 ) and monocytosis (1,208/mL; reference range, 50-630/mL 2 ) were present on the CBC. Cytology identified numerous leukocytes, cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells, and extracellular and intracellular cocci. Culture yielded Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus suis, and Streptococcus zooepidemicus, all sensitive to most antibiotics, including ceftiofur. The marked lymphopenia and monocytosis, cytology findings, and culture results all supported a diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. There was a concern that the filly could have an immunodeficiency disorder based on the profound lymphopenia.Four days later, the filly's attitude was still bright, but she had a neutrophilia (10,788/mL; reference range, 2,760-9,270/mL 2 ) with a left shift (116/mL bands), and lymphopenia (348/mL). The persistent abnormalities were attributed to the severity of the foal's disease. Based on evidence of clinical improvement, the initial treatment plan was continued with the addition of flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg PO q24h) if the temperature remained above 38.91C.Over the next 4 days, the filly had episodes of pyrexia. She was r...

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Immunodeficiency Disorders in Horses

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Ontogeny of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in ovine brain and somatic tissues

Ontogeny of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in ovine brain and somatic tissues

Application of native agarose gel electrophoresis of serum proteins in veterinary diagnostics

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in a Caspian Filly

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