Immunoenzymatic visualization of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Anopla: Palaeonemertea: Cephalotrichidae) and Planocera reticulata (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Polycladida: Planoceridae)

Tanu, Mohosena Begum; Mahmud, Yahia; Arakawa, Osamu; Takatani, Tomohiro; Kajihara, Hiroshi; Kawatsu, Kentaro; Hamano, Yonekazu; Asakawa, Manabu; Miyazawa, Keiji; Noguchi, Tamao

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.014

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The fatal dose of tetrodotoxin to humans (50 kg body weight) is only 1–2 mg [4]. TTX has been detected from taxonomically diverse organisms across 14 different phyla, including pufferfish and amphibians [5,6], fish [7], cephalopods [8], gastropods [9,10,11], bivalves [12], crustaceans [13], starfishes [14,15], flatworms [16,17,18,19] and ribbonworms [17]. Several of the species that carry TTX have been found to be prey organisms of pufferfish [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes in the Tetrodotoxin Content of the Flatworm Planocera multitentaculata

et al. 2017

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that acts specifically on voltage-gated sodium channels on excitable membranes of muscle and nerve tissues. The biosynthetic process for TTX is unclear, although marine bacteria are generally thought to be the primary producers. The marine flatworm Planocera multitentaculata is a known TTX-bearing organism, and is suspected to be a TTX supplier to pufferfish. In this study, flatworm specimens were collected from an intertidal zone in Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan, the TTX content of the flatworm was measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and seasonal changes in TTX content were investigated. No significant difference in TTX concentration of the flatworm body was found between the spawning period and other periods. However, the TTX content in individual flatworms was significantly higher in the spawning period than at other times. The TTX content rose in association with an increase in the body weight of the flatworm.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes in the Tetrodotoxin Content of the Flatworm Planocera multitentaculata

et al. 2017

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“…By knowing the inter-or intra-tissue distribution of TTX, it is possible to estimate the functions of TTX in these organisms. For example, marine pufferfish (Table 1) and flatworms [9,120] retain high toxicity in their eggs, and pufferfish and newts are equipped with TTX-secreting glands or cells in their skin [38][39][40]121], suggesting that TTX is present as a defensive substance to protect their eggs or themselves from external enemies. In this context, we recently found that the immunity of cultured pufferfish is significantly activated when they are reared with TTX-containing diets [122], though the mechanism remains to be clarified.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Noguch

Arakawa

2008

Marine Drugs

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Many pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). In marine pufferfish species, toxicity is generally high in the liver and ovary, whereas in brackish water and freshwater species, toxicity is higher in the skin. In 1964, the toxin of the California newt was identified as TTX as well, and since then TTX has been detected in a variety of other organisms. TTX is produced primarily by marine bacteria, and pufferfish accumulate TTX via the food chain that begins with these bacteria. Consequently, pufferfish become non-toxic when they are fed TTX-free diets in an environment in which the invasion of TTX-bearing organisms is completely shut off. Although some researchers claim that the TTX of amphibians is endogenous, we believe that it also has an exogenous origin, i.e., from organisms consumed as food. TTX-bearing animals are equipped with a high tolerance to TTX, and thus retain or accumulate TTX possibly as a biologic defense substance. There have been many cases of human intoxication due to the ingestion of TTX-bearing pufferfish, mainly in Japan, China, and Taiwan, and several victims have died. Several cases of TTX intoxication due to the ingestion of small gastropods, including some lethal cases, were recently reported in China and Taiwan, revealing a serious public health issue.

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“…Yet data on toxin microdistribution in TTX-bearing animals indicates TTX migration from the digestive system to target organs through the transport system [91,92,93]. In the integument of puffer fish [91,94], Japanese newt Cynops pyrrhogaster [95], several nemertean species [96,97], mollusk Pleurobranchaea maculata [93], and in the salivary glands of the blue-ringed octopuses ( Hapalochlaena sp.) [92], the toxin accumulated in the glandular cells, which secrete substances including TTX onto an epithelial surface or into the body cavity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

Magarlamov

Melnikova

Chernyshev

2017

Toxins

129

105

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This review is devoted to the marine bacterial producers of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein neuroparalytic toxin. In addition to the issues of the ecology and distribution of TTX-producing bacteria, this review examines issues relating to toxin migration from bacteria to TTX-bearing animals. It is shown that the mechanism of TTX extraction from toxin-producing bacteria to the environment occur through cell death, passive/active toxin excretion, or spore germination of spore-forming bacteria. Data on TTX microdistribution in toxic organs of TTX-bearing animals indicate toxin migration from the digestive system to target organs through the transport system of the organism. The role of symbiotic microflora in animal toxicity is also discussed: despite low toxin production by bacterial strains in laboratory conditions, even minimal amounts of TTX produced by intestinal microflora of an animal can contribute to its toxicity. Special attention is paid to methods of TTX detection applicable to bacteria. Due to the complexity of toxin detection in TTX-producing bacteria, it is necessary to use several methods based on different methodological approaches. Issues crucial for further progress in detecting natural sources of TTX investigation are also considered.

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Immunoenzymatic visualization of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Anopla: Palaeonemertea: Cephalotrichidae) and Planocera reticulata (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Polycladida: Planoceridae)

Cited by 57 publications

References 26 publications

Seasonal Changes in the Tetrodotoxin Content of the Flatworm Planocera multitentaculata

Seasonal Changes in the Tetrodotoxin Content of the Flatworm Planocera multitentaculata

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

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