Immunogenicity after Second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccination According to the Individual Reactogenicity, Health Status and Lifestyle

Abstract

The immune-acquired responses after vaccination vary depending on the type of vaccine and the individual. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the acquisition of immunity and the side effects, health status, and lifestyle after completion of the second dose of AZD1222. Blood samples were collected after a second dose of AZD1222. The Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (IgG) for anti-S1 antibody, the cPASS SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody detection kit for the surrogate virus neutralization test, and the T-spot Discovery SARS-CoV-2 kit were used to identify cellular immunogenicity. Patient experience of adverse effects was investigated using questionnaires. Information on health status and lifestyle were collected from the most recent health checkup data. Generally, females experience more reactogenicity in both intensity and duration. The rash of the first shot and chills of the second shot were associated with humoral immunity. However, comprehensive adverse effects had no correlation with humoral and cellular immunity. The T-spot-positive group had a higher creatinine level, which reflects muscle mass, than the T-spot-negative group. Males presented a higher level of T-spot assays. Body mass index and age were negatively correlated with the T-spot assay and anti-S1 antibody, respectively. Immune acquisition after the second AZD1222 shot was not associated with reactogenicity. However, individuals’ sex, age, and BMI were found to be associated with immunogenicity after vaccination.

Predictive Value of Reactogenicity for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in mRNA-1273 Recipients: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

“…These synchronous associations may support the hypothesis that strong reactogenicity is associated with better immunogenicity. This correlation has been reported in previous studies, but the results have been inconsistent depending on the vaccine platform, vaccine type (antigen and adjuvant) and study population [ 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. In this study, to shed light on these uncertainties, we evaluated the immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 and its correlation with AEs in healthy young adults.…”

“…Such post-vaccination immune responses may be accompanied by local or systemic AEs in vaccinated individuals. However, studies on the immunological correlates of reactogenicity in humans are limited, and they have reported inconsistent results depending on the vaccine type [ 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Both mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines are the first human mRNA vaccines, which raised concerns about their immunological correlates with reactogenicity [ 3 , 30 ].…”

Integration of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses as an Immunomonitoring Tool for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Healthy and Fragile Subjects

“…For instance, few studies reported no association between post-vaccination reactions and IgG levels after vaccination [ 39 , 42 , 43 ], while others suggested a correlation between the extent of vaccination side effects and a higher antibody level [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Similarly, the underlying association between side effects and cellular response is still mainly unexplored and inconsistent [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. In our cohort, we observed that the occurrence of adverse reaction was associated with an enhanced humoral response both at 1 and 4 months after the second vaccination dose in HCWs, and the same difference was maintained also for the subgroup of HCWs included for the immunity assessment after the vaccination boost.…”

Complete (Humoral and Cellular) Response to Vaccination against COVID-19 in a Group of Healthcare Workers-Assessment of Factors Affecting Immunogenicity

“…In addition, higher Quan-T-Cell values were noted in overweight subjects (borderline results). Choi evaluated the cellular response to a vector vaccine, which generally shows greater cellular immunogenicity than mRNA vaccination [ 27 ]. Similarly to our population, higher levels of cellular response were found in men.…”

“…On the other hand, however, some reports highlight a possible link between VAEs and the degree of the immune response. Choi et al found no overall effect of VAEs, including severity and duration of symptoms, on humoral or cellular responses in their study evaluating the relationship between reactogenicity and immunogenicity following vector vaccine administration [ 27 ]. However, analysis of individual local and general vaccine adverse events showed an association of erythema (also local pain, a weaker correlation here) after the first dose with neutralising antibody titres and chills after the second dose with anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG and neutralising antibody titres.…”