Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on HIV reservoir in older people with HIV

Matveev, Vitaliy A.; Mihelic, Erik Z.; Benko, Erika; Budylowski, Patrick; Grocott, Sebastian; Lee, Terry; Korosec, Chapin S.; Colwill, Karen; Stephenson, Henry; Law, Ryan; Ward, Lesley A.; Sheikh-Mohamed, Salma; Mailhot, Geneviève; Delgado-Brand, Melanie; Pasculescu, Adrian; Wang, Jenny H.; Qi, Freda; Tursun, Tulunay; Kardava, Lela; Chau, Serena; Samaan, Philip; Imran, Annam; Copertino, Dennis C.; Chao, Gary; Choi, Yoojin; Reinhard, Robert J.; Kaul, Rupert; Heffernan, Jane M.; Jones, R. Brad; Chun, Tae-Wook; Moir, Susan; Singer, Joel; Gommerman, Jennifer; Gingras, Anne-Claude; Kovacs, Colin; Ostrowski, Mario

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107915

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Our cohort-based analysis also found no evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccination induced changes in HIV reservoir size, nor in total, 5’-defective, or 3’-defective proviral loads. This is consistent with findings from of three studies that assessed smaller numbers of participants for this outcome using similar approaches [27,29,31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The mass rollout of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines provided an opportunity to study the potential stimulatory effects of this new vaccine modality on the HIV reservoir. Though a number of studies have now investigated this topic [27–29,31], their results have not been entirely conclusive. While one study found evidence of a gradual, though not statistically significant increase in the rate of detectable viremia peaking 4 weeks after the second vaccine dose [27], two others reported no changes in viremia following two-dose vaccination [28,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though a number of studies have now investigated this topic [27–29,31], their results have not been entirely conclusive. While one study found evidence of a gradual, though not statistically significant increase in the rate of detectable viremia peaking 4 weeks after the second vaccine dose [27], two others reported no changes in viremia following two-dose vaccination [28,30]. Two studies reported reduced frequencies of detectable viremia after three-dose vaccination [28,29], though in one study this was likely attributable to increased time on ART, which was initiated around the study outset for many participants [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This could theoretically occur via direct stimulation of reservoir cells that recognize the vaccine antigen, or through a generalized inflammatory response with cytokine production that could transiently promote HIV gene expression. Indeed, reports of increased HIV viremia in individuals receiving ART following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination have emerged [25–27], though other studies have observed no such effects [28–30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another analysis of 25 PWH reported no significant changes in reservoir size post-COVID-19 vaccination [29]. A recent analysis of 68 PWH reported a gradual yet not statistically significant increase in pVL after the second vaccine dose with no obvious effects on reservoir size, but nearly half of participants received the viral vectored ChAdOx1 vaccine (which may be less likely to modulate the reservoir), and pVL and reservoir data were available for fewer than two-thirds of the cohort [27]. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination on the reservoir in an observational cohort while also analyzing population-level trends in pVL test results in a large geographic region following mass COVID-19 vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination on HIV viremia and reservoir size

Duncan,

Omondi,

Kinloch

et al. 2023

Preprint

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ObjectiveThe immunogenic nature of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines led to some initial concern that these could stimulate the HIV reservoir. We analyzed changes in plasma HIV loads (pVL) and reservoir size following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in 62 people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and analyzed province-wide trends in pVL before and after the mass vaccination campaign.DesignLongitudinal observational cohort and province-wide analysis.Methods62 participants were sampled pre-vaccination, and one month after their first and second COVID-19 immunizations. Vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike antibodies in serum were measured using the Roche Elecsys Anti-S assay. HIV reservoirs were quantified using the Intact Proviral DNA Assay; pVL were measured using the cobas 6800 (LLOQ:20 copies/mL). The province-wide analysis included all 290,401 pVL performed in British Columbia, Canada between 2012-2022.ResultsPre-vaccination, the median intact reservoir size was 77 (IQR:20-204) HIV copies/million CD4+ T-cells, compared to 74 (IQR:27-212) and 65 (IQR:22-174) post-first and -second dose, respectively (all comparisons p>0.07). Pre-vaccination, 82% of participants had pVL<20 copies/mL (max:110 copies/mL), compared to 79% post-first dose (max:183 copies/mL) and 85% post-second dose (max:79 copies/mL) (p>0.4). The magnitude of the vaccine-elicited anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike antibody response did not correlate with changes in reservoir size nor detectable pVL frequency (p>0.6). We found no evidence linking the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign to population-level increases in detectable pVL frequency among all PWH in the province, nor among those who maintained pVL suppression on ART.ConclusionWe found no evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines induced changes in HIV reservoir size nor plasma viremia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination on HIV viremia and reservoir size

Duncan,

Omondi,

Kinloch

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines in people living with HIV: A longitudinal cohort study

Li,

Nie,

Guo

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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To clarify the characteristics in immunogenicity and safety of inactivated SARS‐Cov‐2 vaccines among HIV‐infected individuals, a longitudinal cohort study was performed on HIV‐infected and HIV‐uninfected participants with no history of COVID‐19 infection and COVID‐19 vaccine inoculation. Participants information and adverse events were collected. Blood samples were collected on the same day before vaccination, 21 days after the first shot, 28 days after the second shot, 6 months after the second vaccination and 14 days after the third dose to test anti‐receptor‐binding domain IgG antibody, viral load, CD4+, CD8+ T cell count. Our result showed that although HIV‐infected adults with low nadir CD4+ T cell count ≤ 350 cells/mm3 generate significantly lower immune response after three shots of vaccine compared with HIV‐negative controls, 100% of all the HIV‐infected and healthy controls were seroconverted after the third shot. Seroconversion ratio and antibody level of 190 days after two shots of vaccination for HIV‐infected with nadir CD4+ T cell count ≤ 350 were significantly lower than that of healthy controls. No significant difference was found in viral load among blood samples collected at each time points. CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio value were found increased greatly after each shot of inoculation in HIV‐infected individuals with nadir CD4+ T cell count ≤ 350. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that among HIV‐infected individuals, PLWH with CD4+ T cell count ≤ 350 were less likely experience seroconversion 21 days after the first shot, and less likely maintained antibody immunity 6 months post 2nd dose. Adverse events after each inoculation were not serious and recovered within 1 week. In conclusion, inactivated COVID‐19 vaccine was safe and effective in people living with HIV after three shots of vaccination. HIV‐infected individuals with low nadir CD4+ T cell count ≤ 350 was associated with a nonoptimal antibody response. Further vaccination strategies could be developed for those with low CD4+ T cell counts.

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