Immunoglobulin M–Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Testing of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum from Horses Exposed to West Nile Virus by Vaccination or Natural Infection

Porter, Michael B.; Long, Maureen T.; Gosche, David; Schott, Harold M.; Hines, Melissa T.; Rossano, M.G.; Sellon, Debra C.

doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<866:imeiat>2.0.co;2

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…West Nile virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) in human CSF (Alpert, Fergeson & Noel 2003;Pupo-Antunez et al 2008) and in human neonates (Alpert et al 2003) is considered to be diagnostic of WNV infection, since IgM passes neither the blood brain barrier (BBB) nor the placenta. Studies in horses with naturally occurring WNV encephalitis (Ostlund et al 2001;Porter 2004) showed low levels of CSF WNV IgM compared with high serum levels in the presence of an intact BBB. A human, Mexican patient with fatal WNV was shown to produce IgM, IgG and IgA, in decreasing order of concentration, intrathecally within the CNS and not due to disruption of the BBB (Pupo-Antunez et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A human, Mexican patient with fatal WNV was shown to produce IgM, IgG and IgA, in decreasing order of concentration, intrathecally within the CNS and not due to disruption of the BBB (Pupo-Antunez et al 2008). Intrathecal Ig synthesis is originated by perivascular infiltrations of B-lymphocytes, which are locally matured and can be associated with CNS diseases (Porter 2004;Pupo-Antunez et al 2008). In the current series of horses, CSF was not sampled for WNV IgM testing; however, had it been found to be IgM positive, its presence could have been explained by the presence of the few-to-several B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, as labelled by CD20 and MUM1 IHC in the CNS sections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathology of fatal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infections in horses in South Africa

Williams¹,

Niekerk²,

Human³

et al. 2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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Since 2007, West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported in South African horses, causing severe neurological signs. All cases were of lineage 2, except for one case that clustered with lineage 1 viruses. In the present study, gross and microscopic lesions of six South African lineage 2-infected horses and the one lineage 1 case are described. Diagnoses were confirmed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of central nervous system (CNS) tissue and one by RT-PCR of a brain virus isolate. The CNS of all cases was negative by RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for African horse sickness (AHS), equine encephalosis virus, equine herpes viruses 1 and 4, other zoonotic flaviviruses, alphaviruses, and shunivirus, and either by immunofluorescence or IHC for rabies. Gross visceral lesions were nonspecific but often mimicked those of AHS. The CNS histopathology of WNV lineage 2 cases resembled the nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis reported in the Northern Hemisphere lineage 1 and recent Hungarian lineage 2 cases. Occasional meningitis, focal spinal ventral horn poliomalacia, dorsal and lateral horn poliomyelitis, leucomyelitis, asymmetrical ventral motor spinal neuritis and frequent olfactory region involvement were also seen. Lineage 2 cases displayed marked variations in CNS lesion severity, type and distribution, and suggested various viral entry routes into the CNS, based on findings in experimental mice and hamsters. Lineage 1 lesions were comparable to the milder lineage 2 cases. West Nile virus IHC on CNS sections with marked lesions from all cases elicited only two antigen-positive cells in the olfactory cortex of one case. The presence in the CNS of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophage-monocytes was confirmed by cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD20, multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1) and macrophage (MAC) 387 IHC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology of fatal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infections in horses in South Africa

Williams¹,

Niekerk²,

Human³

et al. 2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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“…The gold standard for arbovirus diagnosis is regarded as neutralizing antibody testing (PRNT) (Farfán‐Ale et al , 2006). Neutralizing antibody testing cannot be used reliably for horses that have been vaccinated because the horse vaccine consists of formalin‐inactivated whole‐virion virus eliciting an IgG and neutralizing antibody response (Porter et al , 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental risk factors associated with West Nile virus clinical disease in Florida horses

Rios

Sheu

Day

et al. 2009

Medical Vet Entomology

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The objective of this study was to examine the extrinsic risk factors of West Nile virus (WNV) clinical disease in Florida horses as established from confirmed and negative horses tested within the state from 2001 to 2003. An Arboviral Case Information Form (ACF) was submitted by a referring veterinarian at the time of testing to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services on every horse suspected of a viral encephalitis in Florida. A follow-up survey that focused on arbovirus prevention and farm ecology was created and mailed to the owner of each tested horse. Data from the follow-up survey indicated peak WNV prevalence in the late summer months in Florida. Quarter horses were the most commonly affected breed. The WNV vaccine was highly protective and natural water on the property also had a protective association. Factors that increased the risk of WNV to horses were the use of fans and a stable construction of solid wood or cement. Some risk indicators were dead birds on the property and other ill animals on the property. Data from this retrospective study have helped identify factors associated with WNV transmission in equines in Florida. Horses that have not been vaccinated and show clinical signs of arboviral infection from June to November should be tested for WNV. Horses that have been vaccinated and show clinical signs should be tested when the vaccination was administered within 1 month or greater than 6 months prior to the onset of clinical symptoms associated with WN infection.

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“…4,13,16,[17][18][19][20] A variety of serological assays can be used for detection of WNV-specific antibodies in horse sera, including hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. 4,6,15 Of these, only the PRNT is specific for WNV because antibodies to related flaviviruses such as St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) potentially can cross-react in the other assays. The MAC-ELISA is used to confirm recent WNV infection, 15 whereas the IgG ELISA is useful for serosurveillance if potential crossreactions with other flaviviruses are excluded.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,6,15 Of these, only the PRNT is specific for WNV because antibodies to related flaviviruses such as St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) potentially can cross-react in the other assays. The MAC-ELISA is used to confirm recent WNV infection, 15 whereas the IgG ELISA is useful for serosurveillance if potential crossreactions with other flaviviruses are excluded. 4,6 A recombinant WNV envelope protein (rE)-based fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (MIA) has been recently developed to titrate antibodies induced by flavivirus infections in humans.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in Equine Sera Using Microsphere Immunoassay

et al. 2006

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Abstract. One hundred and ninety-one sera from horses that recently were exposed to West Nile virus (WNV) by either vaccination or natural infection or that were not vaccinated and remained free of infection were used to evaluate fluorescent microsphere immunoassays (MIAs) incorporating recombinant WNV envelope protein (rE) and recombinant nonstructural proteins (rNS1, rNS3, and rNS5) for detection of equine antibodies to WNV. The rE MIA had a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of 99.3% and 97.4% for detection of WNV antibodies in the serum of horses that were recently vaccinated or naturally infected with WNV, as compared to the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). The positive rE MIA results were assumed to be WNV-specific because of the close agreement between this assay and the PRNT and the fact that unvaccinated control horses included in this study were confirmed to be free of exposure to the related St Louis encephalitis virus. The NS protein-based MIA were all less sensitive than either the rE MIA or PRNT (sensitivity 0-48.0), although the rNS1 MIA distinguished horses vaccinated with the recombinant WNV vaccine from those that were immunized with the inactivated WNV vaccine (P , 0.0001) or naturally infected with WNV (P , 0.0001). The rE MIA would appear to provide a rapid, convenient, inexpensive, and accurate test for the screening of equine sera for the presence of antibodies to WNV.

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Immunoglobulin M–Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Testing of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum from Horses Exposed to West Nile Virus by Vaccination or Natural Infection

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Pathology of fatal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infections in horses in South Africa

Pathology of fatal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infections in horses in South Africa

Environmental risk factors associated with West Nile virus clinical disease in Florida horses

Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in Equine Sera Using Microsphere Immunoassay

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