Immunohistochemical analysis of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in adult rat spinal cord and its regional relationship with androgen receptor

Expression of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia and its neurochemical characterization in reference to sensory neuron subpopulations

“…Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a cytoplasmic protein that is abundantly expressed in different regions of the brain and spinal cord ( Li et al, 1996 ; Gutekunst et al, 1998 ; Fujinaga et al, 2004 , 2007 , 2009 ; Islam et al, 2012 , 2017 ; Wroblewski et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2020 ). HAP1 is often localized to the stigmoid body (STB), a spherical-to oval-shaped, non-membranous neurocytoplasmic inclusion of granular to fuzzy texture with low-moderate electron density ( Shinoda et al, 1992 , 1993 ; Gutekunst et al, 1998 ; Fujinaga et al, 2009 ; Islam et al, 2012 , 2017 ).…”

“…Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a cytoplasmic protein that is abundantly expressed in different regions of the brain and spinal cord ( Li et al, 1996 ; Gutekunst et al, 1998 ; Fujinaga et al, 2004 , 2007 , 2009 ; Islam et al, 2012 , 2017 ; Wroblewski et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2020 ). HAP1 is often localized to the stigmoid body (STB), a spherical-to oval-shaped, non-membranous neurocytoplasmic inclusion of granular to fuzzy texture with low-moderate electron density ( Shinoda et al, 1992 , 1993 ; Gutekunst et al, 1998 ; Fujinaga et al, 2009 ; Islam et al, 2012 , 2017 ). Transfection of HAP1 cDNA into different cultured cells can also induce the development of STB ( Li et al, 1998a ; Takeshita et al, 2006 ; Fujinaga et al, 2007 , 2011 ), and HAP1 is thus considered as a determinant marker for STB ( Li et al, 1998a ; Fujinaga et al, 2007 ; Islam et al, 2017 ; Wroblewski et al, 2018 ).…”

“…STB/HAP1 can also interact with the causal agents of some other polyQ diseases, such as with Abelson helper integration site 1 in Joubert syndrome ( Sheng et al, 2008 ), ataxin 3 in Machado-Joseph disease ( Takeshita et al, 2011 ) and TATA binding protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 ( Prigge and Schmidt, 2007 ). In addition, STB/HAP1 is copiously expressed in the limbic-hypothalamic regions of brain and dorsal horn of spinal cord in normal rodents ( Fujinaga et al, 2004 ; Takeshita et al, 2006 , 2011; Islam et al, 2012 , 2017 ; Wroblewski et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2020 ). Interestingly, these regions of the central nervous system are usually spared from neurodegeneration, whereas the regions lacking STB/HAP1 or with little expression such as neocortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and spinal motoneurons are major targets in different neurodegenerative diseases ( Fujinaga et al, 2004 ; Islam et al, 2017 ).…”

Huntingtin-associated protein 1 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by regulating the translocation of GLUT4 in mouse adipocytes

“…20 It also participates in intracellular transport of proteins such as androgen receptor, TATA-binding protein and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors, thus exerting different physiological regulatory roles in nervous and endocrine systems. [21][22][23][24][25] Adipose tissue has been considered as an energy storage organ traditionally. Recent studies have suggested that adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ and secretes nitrogenous hormones such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin.…”

Developmental trajectory of the prenatal lymphoid organs in native chickens: a macro anatomical study

“…All images were transferred to Adobe Photoshop Elements 15 (Adobe Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) and the brightness and contrasts were adjusted (Jahan et al, 2015;Islam et al, 2017). No other adjustment was made.…”