Immunohistochemical assessment of chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, geminin, and γ‐H2A.X in oral epithelial precursor lesions and squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

Background Carcinogenesis occurs when the cell cycle is compromised. Chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, geminin, and γ‐H2A histone family member X are expressed in cells in G1 phase, S/G2/M phases, and apoptosis, respectively, and these three markers may be useful for histological evaluation of malignant lesions. Here, we aimed to identify cell cycle phases and apoptosis using immunohistochemistry in oral epithelial precursor lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, geminin, and γ‐H2A histone family member X expression levels were immunohistochemically examined in tissue specimens from 55 patients with oral epithelial precursor lesions and 50 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Associations of clinicopathological variables with marker expression were assessed. Results Chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 was expressed in the prickle cell layer of oral epithelial precursor lesions and many carcinoma cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Geminin reactivity was widely distributed in high‐grade dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma rather than low‐grade or no dysplastic cases. γ‐H2A histone family member X was expressed in the superficial layer of oral epithelial precursor lesions and scattered carcinoma cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, lower geminin expression was observed in recurrent cases. Geminin and γ‐H2A histone family member X were associated with the degree of differentiation and mode of invasion. Conclusion Chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, geminin, and γ‐H2A histone family member X expression levels were correlated with oral carcinogenesis; these markers were associated with clinicopathological behaviors in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Involvement of proliferation of atypical hepatocytes and CDT 1 in the liver cancer of rats administered the diethylnitrosamine

“…CDT1 has recently been reported to play an important role in human carcinogenesis. ( 10 – 12 ) It has also been reported that the expression of CDT1 is associated with the long-term prognosis of cancers, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer and HCC. ( 13 – 15 ) However, to date, there have been no reports of the serial observation of changes in the extent of POAH and CDT1 expression in the livers of animals treated with experimental chemical carcinogens.…”

Immunohistochemistry examination to reveal the pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…There is a link between the proportion of Ki67+ malignant cells and patient survival. Meanwhile, in Siril, et al in [18], the same discovery was reported. The prickle cell layer of oral squamous cell carcinoma expressed chromosome licensing and DNA replication factor 1.…”

“…MCM2 and Ki67 expression is constant across all cell-cycle phases (G1, S, G2, and M). However, Ki67 is only expressed in proliferating cells, whereas MCM2 may be expressed in non-proliferating cells during the G0 phase [16,17,18].…”

DNA Replication Inhibitor Geminin and Retinoic Acid Signaling Participate in Complex Interactions Associated With Pluripotency

“…Although GMNN is transcriptionally regulated by E2F family members, the mechanism by which geminin modulates E2F-mediated transcriptional regulation of the GMNN gene is not fully understood (10). Geminin ablation has been reported to enhance colon and lung carcinogenesis (4) while it has also been found to be overexpressed in several human cancers including colon, rectal, oral and breast cancer (11)(12)(13).…”