Immunohistochemical co-localization of S-100b and the glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat brain

Boyes, Barry E.; KiM, S.U.; Lee, V.; Sung, Sandy

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(86)90050-3

Cited by 130 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These markers have been widely used as specific glial and vascular markers (3,12,13,15,16). We observed consistent and strong immunohistochemical staining with minimal background using these antibodies in coronal sections of the brain tissues.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Immunostaining of S-100␤, which is a cytosolic calciumbinding protein (12), revealed intensely stained astrocyte cell bodies and end-feet but weakly stained processes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AQP4 expression is highly polarized and most immunoreactivity is present in the astrocyte end-feet in direct contact with capillaries (10,11). Finally, S-100␤, a soluble calcium-binding protein, is found mainly in astroglial cells and has been widely used as a specific marker of glial cells (12).…”

Section: G Erminal Matrix Hemorrhage (Gmh)-intraventricular Hem-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Astrocyte End-Feet in Germinal Matrix, Cerebral Cortex, and White Matter in Developing Infants

et al. 2006

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Astrocyte end-feet ensheathe blood vessels in the brain and are believed to provide structural integrity to the cerebral vasculature. We sought to determine in developing infants whether the coverage of blood vessels by astrocyte end-feet is decreased in germinal matrix (GM) compared with cerebral cortex and white matter (WM), which may cause fragility of the GM vasculature. Therefore, we evaluated the perivascular coverage by astrocyte endfeet in these areas. We double-labeled the brain sections with astroglial markers [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and S-100␤] and a vascular marker, laminin. Perivascular coverage by GFAPϩ astrocyte end-feet increased consistently as a function of gestational age (GA) in cortex and WM from 19 to 40 wk. Compared with GFAP, AQP4ϩ astrocyte end-feet developed at an earlier GA, ensheathing about 63% of blood vessels for 23-40 wk in cortex, WM, and GM. Coverage by GFAPϩ perivascular end-feet was decreased in GM compared with cortex and WM from 23 to 34 wk. There was no difference in the coverage by AQP4ϩ end-feet among the three areas in these infants. The expression of AQP4, a water channel molecule, in the astrocyte end-feet was not significantly different between premature and mature infants, suggesting similar risk of brain edema in preterm and term infants in pathologic conditions. More importantly, the lesser degree of GFAP expression in astrocyte end-feet of GM compared with cortex and WM may reflect a cytoskeletal structural difference that contributes to the fragility of GM vasculature and propensity to hemorrhage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Immunostaining of S-100␤, which is a cytosolic calciumbinding protein (12), revealed intensely stained astrocyte cell bodies and end-feet but weakly stained processes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: G Erminal Matrix Hemorrhage (Gmh)-intraventricular Hem-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Astrocyte End-Feet in Germinal Matrix, Cerebral Cortex, and White Matter in Developing Infants

et al. 2006

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“…To quantif y the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and the survival of newborn cells after growth factor infusion, we determined the density of BrdU-positive cells by stereological counting techniques. To characterize cell fate, we combined BrdU labeling with the astroglial marker S100␤, which labels astrocytic cell bodies (Boyes et al, 1986), and the neuronal marker NeuN, which recognizes neuronal cell bodies and nuclei (Mullen et al, 1992). The percentage of BrdU-positive cells colabeled either with NeuN or S100␤ was determined by triple immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy and was multiplied by the overall density of BrdU-positive cells to determine the density of newborn neurons and astrocytes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Have Different Effects on Neural Progenitors in the Adult Rat Brain

et al. 1997

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Neurons and glia are generated throughout adulthood from proliferating cells in two regions of the rat brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampus. This study shows that exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have differential and site-specific effects on progenitor cells in vivo. Both growth factors expanded the SVZ progenitor population after 2 weeks of intracerebroventricular administration, but only FGF-2 induced an increase in the number of newborn cells, most prominently neurons, in the olfactory bulb, the normal destination for neuronal progenitors migrating from the SVZ. EGF, on the other hand, reduced the total number of newborn neurons reaching the olfactory bulb and substantially enhanced the generation of astrocytes in the olfactory bulb. Moreover, EGF increased the number of newborn cells in the striatum either by migration of SVZ cells or by stimulation of local progenitor cells. No evidence of neuronal differentiation of newborn striatal cells was found by threedimensional confocal analysis, although many of these newborn cells were associated closely with striatal neurons. The proliferation of hippocampal progenitors was not affected by either growth factor. However, EGF increased the number of newborn glia and reduced the number of newborn neurons, similar to the effects seen in the olfactory bulb. These findings may be useful for elucidating the in vivo role of growth factors in neurogenesis in the adult CNS and may aid development of neuronal replacement strategies after brain damage.

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“…; 2 h intervals) before IH were killed 28 d after the last BrdU injection. Brain slices were costained for BrdU and NeuN or S-100␤, a marker for matured astrocyte (Boyes et al, 1986). …”

Section: Ih Enhances Neurogenesis In Adult Hippocampusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Hypoxia Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Produces Antidepressant-Like Effects in Adult Rats

Zhu¹,

Yan²,

Zhang³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

198

137

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Increasing evidence indicates that stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis could provide novel avenues for the treatment of depression, and recent studies have shown that in vitro neurogenesis is enhanced by hypoxia. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential regulatory capacity of an intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH) regimen on hippocampal neurogenesis and its possible antidepressant-like effect. Here, we show that IH promotes the proliferation of endogenous neuroprogenitors leading to more newborn neurons in hippocampus in adult rats. Importantly, IH produces antidepressant-like effects in multiple animal models screening for antidepressant activity, including the forced swimming test, chronic mild stress paradigm, and novelty-suppressed feeding test. Hippocampal x-ray irradiation blocked both the neurogenic and behavioral effects of IH, indicating that IH likely produces antidepressant-like effects via promoting neurogenesis in adult hippocampus. Furthermore, IH stably enhanced the expression of BDNF in hippocampus; both the antidepressantlike effect and the enhancement of cell proliferation induced by IH were totally blocked by pharmacological and biological inhibition of BDNF-TrkB (tyrosine receptor kinase B) signaling, suggesting that the neurogenic and antidepressant-like effects of IH may involve BDNF signaling. These observations might contribute to both a better understanding of physiological responses to IH and to developing IH as a novel therapeutic approach for depression.

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Immunohistochemical co-localization of S-100b and the glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat brain

Cited by 130 publications

References 27 publications

Astrocyte End-Feet in Germinal Matrix, Cerebral Cortex, and White Matter in Developing Infants

Astrocyte End-Feet in Germinal Matrix, Cerebral Cortex, and White Matter in Developing Infants

Epidermal Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Have Different Effects on Neural Progenitors in the Adult Rat Brain

Intermittent Hypoxia Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Produces Antidepressant-Like Effects in Adult Rats

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