Immunohistochemical detection of the cytokine and chemokine expression in the gut of lambs and kids with coccidiosis

Özmen, Özlem; Adanir, Ramazan; Halıgür, Mehmet

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.11.010

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These results echo findings in domestic sheep where lines artificially selected to be more resistant to helminth infection show enhanced IL-4 (Th2) responses (Terefe et al 2007;Gossner et al 2013;Zaros et al 2014;Wilkie et al 2016). Relatively little is known about coccidian immunity in domestic sheep, although there is convincing evidence that natural infection drives expression of IFNγ and other Th-1 associated cytokines such as IL-2 and TNF-α within the intestinal mucosa (Ozmen, Adanir & Haligur 2012). In wild Soay sheep, strongyle faecal egg count is positively associated with coccidian oocyst count counts (Craig et al 2008), and coupled with the positive association between IL-4 and IFN-γ, the picture appears to be one of variation in the ability to mount responses to diverse parasite taxa, with individuals able to respond effectively to strongyles also being able to respond effectively to coccidia.…”

Section: T Helper Phenotypes and Parasite Burdenssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…The Soay sheep on St Kilda are principally infected with two groups of gastrointestinal parasites, nematode worms and coccidian apicomplexans (Craig et al 2006;Craig et al 2008). It is generally accepted that resistance to these parasites groups is broadly associated with different Th responses: Th2 for worms, and Th1 for coccidian parasites (Ovington, Alleva & Kerr 1995;Finkelman et al 2004;Maizels, Hewitson & Smith 2012;Ozmen, Adanir & Haligur 2012;Kim, Chaudhari & Lillehoj 2019), and that, in laboratory settings at least, Th1 and Th2 responses are antagonistic (Seder & Paul 1994;Abbas, Murphy & Sher 1996). We examine the associations among different measures of the four main Th response types and their relationship with age and sex for the first time in the wild.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functionally distinct T-helper cell phenotypes predict resistance to different types of parasites in a wild mammal

Corripio-Miyar

Hayward

Lemon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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1. The adaptive immune system is critical to an effective, long-lasting ability to respond to infection in vertebrates and T-helper (Th) cells play a key role in orchestrating the adaptive immune response. Laboratory studies show that functionally distinct Th responses provide protection against different kinds of parasites (i.e., Th1 responses against microparasites and Th2 against macroparasites). 2. Natural populations must deal with challenges from a wide range of infectious agents and co-infection with different types of parasite is the norm, so different Th responses are likely to play an important and dynamic role in maintaining host health and fitness. However, the relationship between T helper immune phenotypes and infection with different types of parasites remains poorly understood in wild animals. 3. In this study, we characterised variation in functionally distinct Th responses (Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory responses) in a wild population of Soay sheep using flow cytometry to detect Th-subset specific transcription factors, and ex vivo lymphocyte stimulation to quantify release of Th-associated cytokines. We specifically tested the prediction that raised Th1 and Th2 responses should predict reduced apicomplexan (coccidian) and helminth (nematode) parasite burdens, respectively. 4. Cell counts of different Th subsets measured by flow cytometry did not vary with age or sex. However, all measures of Th-associated ex vivo cytokine production increased with age, and Th17- and regulatory Th-associated cytokine production increased more rapidly with age in males than females. 5. Independent of age and sex, Th2-associated immune measures negatively predicted gastro-intestinal strongyle nematode faecal egg count, while production of the Th1-associated cytokine IFN-γ negatively predicted coccidian faecal oocyst count. 6. Our results provide important support from outside the laboratory that Th1 and Th2 responses confer resistance to different kinds of parasites (micro- and macro-parasites, respectively). They also add to mounting evidence from wild populations that Th1/Th2 trade-offs often observed in controlled laboratory experiments may not readily translate to more complex natural systems. 7. Our study illustrates that harnessing more specific reagents and tools from laboratory immunology has the potential to illuminate our understanding of epidemiology and host-parasite co-evolution in the wild.

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Section: T Helper Phenotypes and Parasite Burdenssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionally distinct T-helper cell phenotypes predict resistance to different types of parasites in a wild mammal

Corripio-Miyar

Hayward

Lemon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The increased mRNA expression of IL-6 on SD 8 and 15 indicates an acute-phase response to infection with C. suis . Increased serum and local levels of IL-6 were reported in humans, mammals and birds after infections with coccidia [ 52 , 62 , 63 , 69 , 70 ]. In addition, IL-6, secreted in vitro by bovine fibroblasts infected with N. caninum , induced the production of IL-17 by T cells which in turn significantly reduced parasite burden [ 71 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody and cytokine response to Cystoisospora suis infections in immune-competent young pigs

et al. 2018

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BackgroundTo date, investigations on the immune response to Cystoisospora suis infections focused on suckling piglets, the age group clinically most affected. Actively immunizing piglets is unfeasible due to their immature immune system and the typically early infection in the first days after birth. Therefore, understanding and possibly enhancing the immune response of immune-competent animals is the prerequisite to develop a passive immunization strategy for piglets which currently rely on very limited treatment options.MethodsTo investigate antibody and cytokine responses of immune-competent animals and the impact of the oral immunization protocol on their immune response, growers with unknown previous exposure to C. suis (10–11 weeks-old) were infected one or three times with different doses (600 and 6000 or 200 and 2000, respectively) of C. suis oocysts, and compared to uninfected controls. Oocyst excretion was evaluated, and blood and intestinal mucus antibody titers were determined by IFAT. Systemic production of Th1, Th2, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines was determined in different immune compartments at mRNA and (after stimulation with a recombinant merozoite-protein) at protein level by PCR and multiplex fluorescent immunoassay, respectively.ResultsInfection generated significantly increased serum IgA and IgG levels against C. suis sporozoites and merozoites, irrespective of infection mode, with IgG against merozoites showing the strongest increase. No clinical signs and only occasional excretion were observed. The systemic cytokine response to C. suis was only weak. Nonetheless, in white blood cells, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA-levels significantly increased after infection, whereas IFN-ɣ, IL-2 and TGF-β expression tended to decrease. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), IL-10 and TNF-α levels were elevated while splenic cytokine expression was unaltered upon infection. Stimulated MLN-derived lymphocytes from infected pigs produced slightly more IL-12 and less IFN-α than controls.ConclusionsAn infection and a subsequent systemic immune response can be induced in immune-competent animals by all evaluated infection models and growers can be used as models to mimic sow immunizations. The immune response to C. suis, although mild and with considerable variation in cytokine expression, was characterized by a Th2-associated and regulatory cytokine profile and antibody production. However, none of the parameters clearly stood out as a potential marker associated with protection. Antibody titers were significantly positively related with oocyst excretion and might thus serve as correlates for parasite replication or severity of infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2974-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The above studies largely focused on nematode-specific antibody levels in plasma which, while shown to be important, is rather an imprecise measure of the parasite immune response. More recently, cellular immune response measurements have been performed on the Soay population to reflect a broader range of immune response phenotypes, quantifying cytokine release from PWM stimulated blood and determining circulating numbers of Th1 (CD4+Tbet+), Th2 (CD4+GATA3+), Th17 (CD4+RORγt+) and Treg (CD4+Foxp3+) polarized T cells [ 120 ], which were then used to look for associations with strongyle and coccidian egg counts, macro- and micro-parasites controlled by Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively [ 121 , 122 ]. As predicted from laboratory and controlled experimental challenge studies, it was found that IL-4 and GATA3 negatively predicted gastro-intestinal strongyle nematode FEC, while production of IFN-γ negatively predicted coccidian faecal oocyst count.…”

Section: Introducing Wild Ungulate Study Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embracing nature’s complexity: Immunoparasitology in the wild

Mair

McNeilly

Corripio-Miyar

et al. 2021

Seminars in Immunology

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Immunohistochemical detection of the cytokine and chemokine expression in the gut of lambs and kids with coccidiosis

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Functionally distinct T-helper cell phenotypes predict resistance to different types of parasites in a wild mammal

Functionally distinct T-helper cell phenotypes predict resistance to different types of parasites in a wild mammal

Antibody and cytokine response to Cystoisospora suis infections in immune-competent young pigs

Embracing nature’s complexity: Immunoparasitology in the wild

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