Immunohistochemical Differentiation and Localization Analysis of Sweat Glands in the Adult Human Axilla

Beer, Gertrude M.; Baumüller, Stephan; Zech, Nicolas H.; Wyss, P.; Strasser, Doris; Varga, Zsuzsanna; Seifert, Burkhardt; Hafner, Jürg; Mihic‐Probst, Daniela

doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000210681.90799.b1

Cited by 43 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Serial sections of axillary skin from hyperhidrosis and healthy control subjects were analysed to detect the presence of apoeccrine glands using immunocytochemical markers supposedly specific to this gland type (13)(14)(15). Gland measurements in control and hyperhidrosis patients were taken using image analysis to identify any obvious morphological changes associated with gland hypertrophy and to provide additional morphological identification of the different gland types.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The secretory clear cell of the eccrine sweat gland as the probable source of excess sweat production in hyperhidrosis

Bovell

MacDonald

Meyer

et al. 2011

Experimental Dermatology

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Effect of T injection and EGCG on T and DHT concentrations in serum and hairAnalysis using LC-MS ⁄ MS on serum and hair samples was performed to determine the difference in the T and DHT concentrations in each group. We found no difference in the T and DHT concentrations between the T-injected and T + EGCG groups (unpublished data). ConclusionWe report the first in vivo experiment showing the influence of T injection and EGCG on hair follicles. Our results suggest that T injection in a B6CBAF1 ⁄ j mouse model induces hair loss by apoptosis of hair follicles rather than through the androgen metabolic pathway. Furthermore, it was shown that EGCG can prevent hair loss by reducing T-induced apoptosis of follicular epithelial cells and provoke hair re-growth after epilation.The best animal model of androgen-induced alopecia is the stump-tailed macaque, but because of its large size and high cost, researchers favour a more easily handled murine model (19). The B6CBAF1 ⁄ j mice used in this study were first introduced by Matias et al. (17) as a T-induced androgenic alopecia mice model. The B6CBAF1 ⁄ j mouse is not a perfect androgen-induced alopecia model in that androgen is needed to be given continuously, and once androgen supplementation ceases, the mouse regains its hair within 3 months. Because B6CBAF1 ⁄ j mice are convenient, costeffective and suitable with respect to the time course of results, B6CBAF1 ⁄ j mice were used in this study.Even though there was no difference in the expression of 17b-and 3b-HSD between the T-injected and T + EGCG groups, we cannot exclude the possibility of the effect of EGCG on androgen metabolism of hair follicles because EGCG application down-regulated T-induced AR expression of hair follicles. To resolve this question, further functional in vitro studies using hair follicle culture will be needed.From our study, we propose topical EGCG as a promising therapeutic tool in the management of androgen-related hair loss. Acknowledgements Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interests. Supporting InformationAdditional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Figure S1. Immunohistochemical histology of the upper dorsal skin stained with androgen receptor (a-f). Table S1. Number of hair follicles counted by Folliscope Ò on day16 after epilation. Table S2. Comparison of the intensity of the apoptosis by TUNEL staining and immunohistochemical staining of androgen receptor of the treated groups. Topical application of 10% EGCG (a), testosterone (T)'s vehicle injection (b), T injection (c), T injection + topical application of EGCG vehicle (ethanol)) (d), T injection + topical application of 10% cyproterone acetate (e), and T injection + topical application of EGCG (f) (·400).Appendix S1. Materials and methods. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the ...

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Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The secretory clear cell of the eccrine sweat gland as the probable source of excess sweat production in hyperhidrosis

Bovell

MacDonald

Meyer

et al. 2011

Experimental Dermatology

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“…These complications may result from the surgical technique itself, which aims for an excessive ablation of sweat glands after dissecting fat from the dermis, with subsequent alteration of the dermal and subcutaneous blood vessels. Thus, general agreement exists in the literature that after LC, the axillary operated skin should be similar to a full-thickness skin graft with additional blood supply from the surrounding nonoperated skin [5]. However, although this consensus has been reached, and LC has become a popular and frequent technique, the status of microcirculation and blood flow of axillary skin before and after LC has not been investigated until today.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…If these nonresponders desire permanent reduction of sweating, surgical options should be considered, ranging from removal of subcutaneous tissue without skin excision to resection of axillary skin with adjacent subcutaneous tissue to a combination of both methods, resulting in a partial skin resection with combined removal of subcutaneous and surrounding tissue [17]. Both – the anatomical location of human sweat glands and clinical studies evaluating surgical techniques – have resulted in a preference for minimally invasive strategies for treating FAH [1,2,3,4,5, 18, 19]. LC has demonstrably reduced the sweat rate significantly with a low risk of side effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…liposuction, manual shaving or subcutaneous laser ablation, the procedure consists of two main parts, with dissection of the axillary skin from the underlying subcutaneous fat in the first step, followed by removal of sweat glands at the dermis/fat junction and the deep dermis. Thus, the final condition of LC should consist of axillary skin, converted to a full-thickness graft, supported by blood supply from the surrounding nonoperated skin [5]. However, this involves possible risks of skin necrosis which have been described for LC and other minimally invasive procedures [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser Doppler Scanning Study of Axillary Skin before and after Liposuction Curettage in Patients with Focal Hyperhidrosis

et al. 2008

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Background:Minimally invasive surgeries are frequently used in patients suffering from focal axillary hyperhidrosis (FAH). Sweat glands are removed surgically and the axillary skin is thinned out, with skin necrosis being a possible complication due to reduced microcirculation. Although of considerable interest, studies evaluating pre- and postoperative skin perfusion are unavailable. Objective: To evaluate the blood flow of axillary skin in patients with severe focal axillary hyperhidrosis before and after liposuction curettage (LC). Material and Methods: The blood flow in the axillary skin of 11 patients was measured by laser Doppler perfusion imaging before surgery and on days 1, 7 and 28 after LC with a rasping cannula. Skin perfusion was measured in arbitrary units (AU) with measuring points in the axillary center (AC), the operated skin 2 cm from the center (2C) and the surrounding healthy skin (HS). Results: No significant differences of preoperative skin perfusion were found (AC: 0.39 ± 0.08 AU/2C: 0.38 ± 0.07 AU/HS: 0.39 ± 0.07 AU; p > 0.05). On the first and seventh postoperative days, AC (0.2 ± 0.04 AU/0.27 ± 0.81 AU) and 2C (0.2 ± 0.03 AU/0.28 ± 0.06 AU) area were significantly less perfused, whereas the HS showed higher perfusion values (0.59 ± 0.1 AU/0.53 ± 0.09 AU). Twenty-eight days after LC the 2C (0.36 ± 0.07 AU) and HS (0.4 ± 0.06 AU) skin revealed no significant differences compared to preoperative skin perfusion (p > 0.05). The AC perfusion was still slightly reduced (0.37 ± 0.09 AU) without significant difference compared to preoperative findings. Conclusion: LC reduces the axillary skin blood flow with the axillary center being the least perfused area. However, in our collective, no correlation to possible side effects was observed.

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“…Firstly, the suction should be in the right skin layer. As histologic studies [13] have shown that all or most of the Ugly looking (axillae %) 5 1/130 axillae (0.77 %) 27/130 axillae (20.77 %) 1 The experimental group has statistically significant higher incidence of total satisfaction. (p value = 0.004, Chi-square test) 2 The experimental group has statistically significant lower incidence of skin necrosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Axillary Osmidrosis Treatment Using an Aggressive Suction–Curettage Technique: A Clinical Study on Paired Control

Wang

et al. 2015

Aesth Plast Surg

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Immunohistochemical Differentiation and Localization Analysis of Sweat Glands in the Adult Human Axilla

Cited by 43 publications

References 21 publications

The secretory clear cell of the eccrine sweat gland as the probable source of excess sweat production in hyperhidrosis

The secretory clear cell of the eccrine sweat gland as the probable source of excess sweat production in hyperhidrosis

Laser Doppler Scanning Study of Axillary Skin before and after Liposuction Curettage in Patients with Focal Hyperhidrosis

Axillary Osmidrosis Treatment Using an Aggressive Suction–Curettage Technique: A Clinical Study on Paired Control

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