Immunohistochemical localization of the ACTH (MC-2) receptor in the rat placenta and adrenal gland

Izumi, Shinichi; Abe, Kuniko; Hayashi, Tomayoshi; Nakane, Paul K.; Koji, Takehiko

doi:10.1679/aohc.67.443

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Interestingly, MC2R has a wide expression pattern during embryonic development and is also present in placenta in rodents (Izumi et al 2004, Nimura et al 2006. Placenta produces ACTH along with other pituitary-like peptides, and human foetal plasma ACTH levels are higher than those in maternal plasma (Krieger 1982, Petraglia et al 1987, indicating the importance of ACTH during embryogenesis.…”

Section: Mrap and Mrap2 Function Beyond The Adrenal Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins in adrenal gland physiology and beyond

Novoselova

Jackson

Campbell

et al. 2013

Journal of Endocrinology

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The melanocortin receptor (MCR) family consists of five G-protein-coupled receptors (MC1R-MC5R) with diverse physiological roles. MC1R controls pigmentation, MC2R is a critical component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, MC3R and MC4R have a vital role in energy homeostasis and MC5R is involved in exocrine function. The melanocortin receptor accessory protein (MRAP) and its paralogue MRAP2 are small single-pass transmembrane proteins that have been shown to regulate MCR expression and function. In the adrenal gland, MRAP is an essential accessory factor for the functional expression of the MC2R/ACTH receptor. The importance of MRAP in adrenal gland physiology is demonstrated by the clinical condition familial glucocorticoid deficiency, where inactivating MRAP mutations account for w20% of cases. MRAP is highly expressed in both the zona fasciculata and the undifferentiated zone. Expression in the undifferentiated zone suggests that MRAP could also be important in adrenal cell differentiation and/or maintenance. In contrast, the role of adrenal MRAP2, which is highly expressed in the foetal gland, is unclear. The expression of MRAPs outside the adrenal gland is suggestive of a wider physiological purpose, beyond MC2R-mediated adrenal steroidogenesis. In vitro, MRAPs have been shown to reduce surface expression and signalling of all the other MCRs (MC1,3,4,5R). MRAP2 is predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus, a site that also expresses a high level of MC3R and MC4R. This raises the intriguing possibility of a CNS role for the MRAPs. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisThe adrenal glands are responsible for releasing different classes of hormones. The inner part of the glands, the medulla, secretes catecholamines under the control of the sympathetic nervous system. The outer part, the cortex, has three functionally distinct layers -the outer zona glomerulosa that secretes aldosterone, the middle zona fasciculata that produces glucocorticoids and the inner zona reticularis that is responsible for the production of adrenal androgens. Production and release of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculata are tightly regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary to control

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Section: Mrap and Mrap2 Function Beyond The Adrenal Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins in adrenal gland physiology and beyond

Novoselova

Jackson

Campbell

et al. 2013

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In the placentas, MC2R (ACTH-R) is known to be high, and a fetal animal is directly affected by ACTH level [7]. Earlier reports also suggested that the high levels of plasma ACTH raised the levels of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the fetal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Gp91phox NADPH Oxidase during the Gestational Period of Mice

Hiramoto

Yamate²,

Sato³

2014

Biol Med (Aligarh)

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Gp91phox NADPH oxidase enzyme was established earlier to play its role in generating reactive oxygen species. In recent studies, gp91phox NADPH oxidase was reported to be involved in the regulation of ovulation and oestrial cycle. However, its mechanism of action during comparatively stressful gestational period 'gp' is not known. Current study was designed to investigate the role of gp91phox NADPH oxidase during 'gp' by using gp91phox deficient (gp91phox -/-) mice whereas C57BL/6j mice in graviditas served as control. During 'gp' period the floating time (akinesia time) in control group was found to be highest on day 6, which gradually decreased towards parturition. Conversely, ingp91phox -/-mice, there was no such recognizable alteration during 'gp' as compared to control C57BL/6j mice. In addition, plasma level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was significantly higher on day 6 (gp) in the control mice. Similarly, the level of growth hormone (GH) was also found elevated during 'gp' in control mice. On the other side, in thegp91phox -/-mice, no such increase in ACTH or GH levels as compared to C57BL/6j mice was observed. It is worth mentioning that GH levels (gp) ingp91phox -/-mice were found ever lower than those of the control C57BL/6j mice. There were also fewer newborngp91phox -/-mice compared with C57BL/6j mice; interestingly, the number of fetalgp91phox -/-mice did not decrease until after gd 6. Furthermore, the average weight for the newborngp91phox -/-mice was significantly lower than the C57BL/6j mice. The results of the present study deonstrated that gp91phox NADPH oxidase is required during relatively stressful gestational period 'gp' and may play a role during fetal differentiation and growth.

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“…In red blood cells, both MC5R and MC2R have been detected after 11.5 dpc in rats by immunostaining (Simamura et al 2010). In the placenta, MC1R, MC2R and MC3R are expressed in trophoblasts (Gantz et al 1993;Thornwall et al 1997;Izumi et al 2004). The role of these receptors in the placenta is unclear.…”

Section: Melanocortin Receptor Family Expression In Fetusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of melanocortins on fetal development

Simamura¹,

Shimada²,

Shoji

et al. 2011

Congenital Anomalies

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Melanocortins, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) are produced in the placenta and secreted into embryos/fetuses. ACTH concentrations are higher in fetal plasma than in maternal plasma and peak at mid-gestation in rats, whereas ACTH production starts in the anterior lobe of the fetal pituitary at later stages. Melanocortin receptors (MC1-5R), receptors for ACTH and α-, β- and γ-MSH, are expressed in various adult organs. The specific function of these receptors has been well examined in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the HPA axis-like network in the skin, and anti-inflammatory effects for white blood cells have also been investigated. MC2R and/or MC5R are also expressed in the testis, lung, kidney, adrenal, liver, pancreas, brain and blood cells at different stages in mouse and rat embryos/fetuses. Melanocortins in embryos and fetuses promote maturation of the HPA axis and also contribute to the development of lung, testis, brain and blood cells. Recently, a unique ACTH function was revealed in fetuses: placental ACTH, which is secreted by the maternal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and induces LIF secretion from fetal nucleated red blood cells. Finally, the maternal LIF-placental ACTH-fetal LIF signal relay regulates the LIF level and promotes neurogenesis in fetuses, which suggests that ACTH acts as a signal transducer or effector for fetal development in the maternal-fetal signal pathway.

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Immunohistochemical localization of the ACTH (MC-2) receptor in the rat placenta and adrenal gland

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins in adrenal gland physiology and beyond

Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins in adrenal gland physiology and beyond

The Role of Gp91phox NADPH Oxidase during the Gestational Period of Mice

Effects of melanocortins on fetal development

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