Immunohistological Modulation Following Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids in Patients With Procto-Colitis

Almallah, Y Z; Ewen, S. W. B.; Mowat, Norman A.; Brunt, P. W.; Sinclair, T. S.; Heys, Steven Darryll; Eremin, O.

doi:10.1097/00024382-199703001-00533

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Most studies (44) provided a dietary supplement (36 as capsules, six as oil (Almallah 1998; Borchgrevink 1966; Brox 2001;Connor 1993; Hawthorne 1992; Natvig 1968), one as liquid emulsion (Rossing 1996) and one as an enriched margarine (Bemelmans 2002)), while three provided dietary advice primarily (Burr (DART 1) 1989; Burr (DART 2) 2003; Mate-Jimenez 1991), and one study provided dietary advice plus food supplements (Sarkkinen 1998). Supplementation was generally with fish-based omega 3 fats (rich in EPA, DPA and DHA fatty acids), but five studies provided plant-based omega 3 fat (alpha-linolenic acid) supplementation in at least one arm (Bemelmans 2002;Borchgrevink 1966; Natvig 1968; Sarkkinen 1998; Singh 1997).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allocation concealment appeared adequate in 34 studies (Almallah 1998; Bairati 1992; Belluzzi 1996; Bemelmans 2002; Bonnema 1995; Borchgrevink 1966; Connor 1993; Dry 1991; Eritsland 1996; GISSI-P 1999; Greenfield 1993; Hawthorne 1992;Katan 1997; Lau 1993; Lau 1995; Leaf 1994; Loeschke 1996;Lorenz-Meyer 1996; Maresta 2002; Mate-Jimenez 1991; Milner 1989; Natvig 1968; Nilsen 2001; Reis 1991; Rossing 1996;Sacks (TOHP 1) 1994; Selvais 1995; Singh 1997; Sirtori 1998;Skoldstam 1992; Terano 1999; Thien 1993; Veale 1994; von Schacky 1999). This was generally ascertained following contact with the study author.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attempts were made to mask participants in 30 studies (Almallah 1998; Bairati 1992; Belluzzi 1996; Bemelmans 2002; Bonnema 1995; Borchgrevink 1966; Connor 1993; Dry 1991; Franzen 1993; Geusens 1994; Greenfield 1993; Johansen 1999A; Lau 1993; Lau 1995; Leaf 1994; Loeschke 1996; Lorenz-Meyer 1996;Maresta 2002; Natvig 1968; Nilsen 2001; Nye 1990; Reis 1991;Rossing 1996; Sacks (TOHP 1) 1994; Sacks (HARP) 1995; Selvais 1995; Sirtori 1998; Thien 1993; Veale 1994; von Schacky 1999), masking was unclear in two studies and not attempted in 16 studies. However, fish oil may have a strong flavour, smell or after-taste, and some studies mentioned attempts to mask allocation using enteric coated capsules (Belluzzi 1996), identical taste in margarines (Bemelmans 2002), orange flavour (Loeschke 1996;Rossing 1996) or peppermint oil (Greenfield 1993) added to fish oil and control capsules or small amounts of fish oil added to the control (Leaf 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies were considered to be at low risk of bias where allocation concealment was done, and attempts were made to mask participants, providers and outcome assessors. The 25 studies at low risk of bias included: Almallah 1998; Bairati 1992; Belluzzi 1996;Bemelmans 2002; Bonnema 1995; Borchgrevink 1966; Connor 1993; Dry 1991; Greenfield 1993; Lau 1993; Lau 1995; Leaf 1994; Loeschke 1996; Lorenz-Meyer 1996; Maresta 2002; Natvig 1968; Nilsen 2001; Reis 1991; Rossing 1996; Sacks (TOHP 1) 1994; Selvais 1995; Sirtori 1998; Thien 1993; Veale 1994; von Schacky 1999.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cohort studies differences may also be expressed as percentages of fatty acids within a cell fraction, or more crudely as groups of people who either generally do or do not have a weekly portion of oily fish. Included RCTs provide doses from less than 1g long chain omega 3 fats per day (Belluzzi 1996; Burr (DART 1) 1989; Burr (DART 2) 2003; GISSI-P 1999; Shimizu 1995; Veale 1994) to over 5g per day (Almallah 1998; Connor 1993; Dehmer 1998; Hawthorne 1992; Leaf 1994;Loeschke 1996; Lorenz-Meyer 1996; Reis 1991; Sacks (HARP) 1995; Thien 1993). The studies providing most of the outcome events provide less than 1g per day of long chain omega 3 fats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease

Hooper

2004

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

191

143

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Background It has been suggested that omega 3 (W3, n-3 or omega-3) fats from oily fish and plants are beneficial to health. Objectives To assess whether dietary or supplemental omega 3 fatty acids alter total mortality, cardiovascular events or cancers using both RCT and cohort studies. Search methods Five databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched to February 2002. No language restrictions were applied. Bibliographies were checked and authors contacted. Selection criteria RCTs were included where omega 3 intake or advice was randomly allocated and unconfounded, and study duration was at least six months. Cohorts were included where a cohort was followed up for at least six months and omega 3 intake estimated. Data collection and analysis Studies were assessed for inclusion, data extracted and quality assessed independently in duplicate. Random effects meta-analysis was performed separately for RCT and cohort data. Main results Forty eight randomised controlled trials (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort analyses were included. Pooled trial results did not show a reduction in the risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events in those taking additional omega 3 fats (with significant statistical heterogeneity). Sensitivity analysis, retaining only studies at low risk of bias, reduced heterogeneity and again suggested no significant effect of omega 3 fats. Restricting analysis to trials increasing fish-based omega 3 fats, or those increasing short chain omega 3s, did not suggest significant effects on mortality or cardiovascular events in either group. Subgroup analysis by dietary advice or supplementation, baseline risk of CVD or omega 3 dose suggested no clear effects of these factors on primary outcomes. Neither RCTs nor cohorts suggested increased relative risk of cancers with higher omega 3 intake but estimates were imprecise so a clinically important effect could not be excluded. Authors’ conclusions It is not clear that dietary or supplemental omega 3 fats alter total mortality, combined cardiovascular events or cancers in people with, or at high risk of, cardiovascular disease or in the general population. There is no evidence we should advise people to stop taking rich sources of omega 3 fats, but further high quality trials are needed to confirm suggestions of a protective effect of omega 3 fats on cardiovascular health. There is no clear evidence that omega 3 fats differ in effectiveness according to fish or plant sources, dietary or supplemental sources, dose or presence of placebo.

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