Immunolocalization of CD44 in the Dystrophic Rat Retina

Chaitin, Michael H.; Brun‐Zinkernagel, Anne‐Marie

doi:10.1006/exer.1998.0510

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…1e) and the outer limiting membrane (Fig. 1f), consistent with a previous report (Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). The areas of CD44 and GS overlap but the CD44 positive area extends more broadly to the apical side (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…We then examined the proliferation state of CD44-positive cells by examining the expression of Ki67 proliferation antigen by FACS analysis, and found that nearly 85% of the CD44-positive cells were proliferating (Fig. 1d, red square), in accordance with our previous finding that the c-kit-positive cells were proliferating (Koso et al 2007).CD44 is reportedly expressed in the apical microvilli of Müller glial cells in adult mouse retina (Kuhrt et al 1997;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). We examined its spatial expression in developing retina by immunostaining of frozen sections using an antibody against GS, a Müller glia marker.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

“…Expression of CD44 in the developing retina CD44 was reported previously to be expressed in apical microvilli of Müller glial cells in the adult mouse retina (Chaitin et al 1994;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). However, its expression in the developing retina has not been reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…CD44 is reportedly expressed in the apical microvilli of Müller glial cells in adult mouse retina (Kuhrt et al 1997;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). We examined its spatial expression in developing retina by immunostaining of frozen sections using an antibody against GS, a Müller glia marker.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the uninjured CNS, expression of CD44 is restricted to astrocytes in the white matter. In the retina in an injured or degenerating condition, expression of CD44 has been observed (Kuhrt et al 1997;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). Localization of CD44 to Müller cell apical microvilli has been shown by immunostaining in normal mature rodent retina (Chaitin et al 1994;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of CD44 as a cell surface marker for Müller glia precursor cells

Shinoe

Kuribayashi

Saya

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurochemistry

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In the retina, both neurons and glia differentiate from a common progenitor population. CD44 cell surface antigen is a hyaluronic acid receptor expressed on mature Mü ller glial cells. We found that in the developing mouse retina, expression of CD44 was transiently observed at or around birth in a subpopulation of c-kit-positive retinal progenitor cells. During in vitro culture, purified CD44/c-kit-positive retinal progenitor cells exclusively differentiated into Mü ller glial cells and not into neurons, suggesting that CD44 marks a subpopulation of retinal progenitor cells that are fated to become glia. Overexpression of CD44 inhibited the extension of processes by the neural retina (Rich et al. 1995), and protecting neurons from damage (Garcia and Vecino 2003). Furthermore, they act as neural progenitors to regenerate neurons in response to acute damage, especially in lower vertebrates (Dyer and Cepko 2000;Ooto et al. 2004;Karl et al. 2008;Osakada et al. 2008). As in the brain, Müller glial cells are thought to differentiate along with neurons from a common progenitor in the retina (Cepko 1993 (Furukawa et al. 1997;Hojo et al. 2000). However, known markers of glial cell lineages -brain glial markers included -seem to expressed relatively late in glial differentiation. Therefore, identification of early as well as cell surface markers would greatly facilitate the elucidation of mechanisms governing neuron-glia cell fate decisions. CD44 is a widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein and cell surface receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) (Ponta et al. 2003). It is thought to mediate cell migration, adhesion, tissue differentiation, and cancer metastasis. Through its relatively long intracellular domain, HA-CD44 interactions stimulate Rac1 signaling, leading to cytoskeletal effects and cell migration in astrocytes (Ponta et al. 2003). Roles for HA and CD44 have been suggested in neural systems. HA is one of the major glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix and plays important roles in morphogenesis, remodeling, and integrity of the CNS. In the uninjured CNS, expression of CD44 is restricted to astrocytes in the white matter. In the retina in an injured or degenerating condition, expression of CD44 has been observed (Kuhrt et al. 1997;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). Localization of CD44 to Müller cell apical microvilli has been shown by immunostaining in normal mature rodent retina (Chaitin et al. 1994;Chaitin and Brun-Zinkernage 1998). However, its expression in developing retina has not been reported before. We found that CD44 was transiently expressed in developing mouse retina at around the P1 stage. CD44-labeled retinal cells were fated to differentiate into Müller glial cells, suggesting that CD44 labels the subset of retinal progenitor cells that becomes Müller glial cells. Experimental proceduresMice and reagents Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice, which express the EGFP gene ubiquitously via the Cytomegalovirus early enhancer element and chicken beta-actin promoter, w...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Identification of CD44 as a cell surface marker for Müller glia precursor cells

Shinoe

Kuribayashi

Saya

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Transformation of adult retina from the regenerative to the axonogenesis state activates specific genes in various subsets of neurons and glial cells

Liedtke

Naskar

Eisenacher³

et al. 2006

Glia

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The purpose of this study was to identify the gene expression profile of the regenerating retina in vitro. To achieve this goal, three experimental groups were studied: (1) an injury control group (OC-LI group) that underwent open crush (OC) of the optic nerve and lens injury (LI) in vivo; (2) an experimental group (OC-LI-R group) that comprised animals treated like those in the OC-LI group except that retinal axons were allowed to regenerate (R) in vitro; and (3) an experimental group (OC-LI-NR group) that comprised animals treated as those in the OC-LI group, except that the retinas were cultured in vitro with the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer facing upwards to prevent axonal regeneration (NR). Gene expression in each treatment group was compared to that of untreated controls. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine whether expression of differentially regulated genes also occurred at the protein level and to localize these proteins to the respective retinal cells. Genes that were regulated belonged to different functional categories such as antioxidants, antiapoptotic molecules, transcription factors, secreted signaling molecules, inflammation-related genes, and others. Comparison of changes in gene expression among the various treatment groups revealed a relatively small cohort of genes that was expressed in different subsets of cells only in the OC-LI-R group; these genes can be considered to be regeneration-specific. Our findings demonstrate that axonal regeneration of RGC involves an orchestrated response of all retinal neurons and glia, and could provide a platform for the development of therapeutic strategies for the regeneration of injured ganglion cells.

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Morphogenesis of the different types of photoreceptors of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) retina and the effect of amblyopia in neonatal chicken

Wai

Lorke

Kung

et al. 2006

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Despite the great variety in chicken photoreceptors, existing morphogenetic studies only deal with two types: rods and cones. We have therefore examined by scanning electron microscopy the first appearance and maturation of different retinal photoreceptors in 36 chicken embryos (Gallus domesticus), aged 5-19 days prehatching. On day 5 of incubation, chicken retinae were only composed of proliferating ventricular cells devoid of photoreceptors. On day 8, outer mitotic cells were separated from inner differentiating photoreceptors, by the transient layer of Chievitz. Ball-like protrusions appeared at the ventricular surface, representing the first signs of photoreceptor inner segment formation. From day 10 onward, double cones, single cones, and rods could be clearly distinguished, and occasional cilia were detected at their tip. On day 12, inner segments had increased in length and diameter, and frequently carried a cilium representing the beginning of outer segment formation. On day 14, most photoreceptors displayed a distinct outer segment. On day 19, photoreceptors had essentially assumed adult morphology. Based on the shape of their outer segments, two subtypes of cones and three subtypes of double cones could be distinguished. Throughout development, we observed microvilli close to maturing photoreceptors, either originating from their lateral sides, from their tip, or from Müller cells. Microvillus density peaked between day 12 and 14, indicating an important role in photoreceptor morphogenesis. Unilateral occlusion of the eyes of posthatching chicken reduced the proportion of double cones to single cones in the retina, indicating dependence of retinal morphogenesis upon functional activity of visual cells.

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Immunolocalization of CD44 in the Dystrophic Rat Retina

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Identification of CD44 as a cell surface marker for Müller glia precursor cells

Identification of CD44 as a cell surface marker for Müller glia precursor cells

Transformation of adult retina from the regenerative to the axonogenesis state activates specific genes in various subsets of neurons and glial cells

Morphogenesis of the different types of photoreceptors of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) retina and the effect of amblyopia in neonatal chicken

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