Immunologic relevance of the cuticle and epicuticle of larval Dirofilaria immitis and Toxocara canis

Grieve, Robert B.

doi:10.1016/0001-706x(90)90041-w

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The cross-reactivity is probably caused by common antigens, such as cuticle proteins, which are shared by several nematodes (Stites et al 1982;Grieve, 1990;Sakolvaree et al 1997;Lewis et al 1999). P. cantonensis, like G. spinigerum, is common in Southeast Asia and can cause eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of specific IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Gnathostoma spinigerum

Nuchprayoon

Sanprasert

Suntravat

et al. 2003

Parasitology Research

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Gnathostoma spinigerum infection is endemic in Thailand and many Asian countries. Current diagnosis is the skin test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibody against the G. spinigerum third-stage larvae (L3), but cross-reactivity is common. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of 43 patients with gnathostomiasis. The majority of patients with gnathostomiasis (91%) had eosinophilia. While the anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG1 antibody provided the highest sensitivity (98%), the anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG2 antibody had the highest specificity (88%). The ELISA that detected anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG1 antibody could be a reliable laboratory screening test, while anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG2 antibody could be used to confirm the diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of specific IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Gnathostoma spinigerum

Nuchprayoon

Sanprasert

Suntravat

et al. 2003

Parasitology Research

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“…D immitis has evolved an array of specific molecular strategies to evade host immune attack. Marked differences in the surface properties of the third and fourth larval stages may delay potentially destructive immune responses to these stages in the host (Grieve 1990). Clinical and laboratory investigations have suggested that the acellular nature of the D immitis cuticle and its thrombo-resistant surface properties allow the parasite to circumvent the host's immune response and improve long-term survival (Kadipasaoglu et al 1993).…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Feline Heartworm Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Feline heartworm disease: A clinical review

Litster

Atwell

2008

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Feline heartworm disease is caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis, and is transmitted by mosquitoes in heartworm-endemic areas worldwide. While dogs are the definitive hosts for this parasite, cats can also be infected, and the overall prevalence in cats is between 5% and 10% of that in dogs in any given area. The spectrum of feline presentations varies from asymptomatic infections to chronic respiratory signs, sometimes accompanied by chronic vomiting to acute death with no premonitory signs. Ante-mortem diagnosis can be challenging and relies on a combination of tests, including antigen and antibody serology, thoracic radiography and echocardiography. As treatment with heartworm adulticidal drugs can be life-threatening and heartworm infection in cats is often self-limiting, infected cats are frequently managed with supportive treatment (corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and anti-emetics). Surgical removal of filariae using extraction devices may be considered in some acute cases where immediate curative treatment is necessary, but filarial breakage during the procedure may result in an acute fatal shock-like reaction. Necropsy findings are mainly pulmonary and include muscular hypertrophy of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles on histopathology. A number of safe and effective macrocytic lactone drugs are available for prophylaxis in cats. These drugs can kill a range of larval and adult life-cycle stage heartworms, which may be advantageous in cases of owner compliance failure or when heartworm infection status is undetermined at the time prophylaxis is commenced. An index of suspicion for feline heartworm disease is warranted in unprotected cats with respiratory signs, and perhaps chronic vomiting, in areas where canine heartworm disease is endemic. Many cats, once diagnosed and with appropriate supportive care and monitoring, will resolve their infection and be free of clinical signs.

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“…As revealed by proteomic studies, they comprise a complex mixture of enzymes, mucins, lectins, proteoglycans, other proteins, carbohydrates and lipids 29 – 31 . ES products have also been shown to directly interact with the host’s immune system 32 . For example, this can include the induction of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 as known for Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in mice 16 , or binding the CD11b/CD18 integrin on neutrophils by glycoproteins leading to reduced hydrogen peroxide production as demonstrated for Haemonchus contortus 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic intestinal helminths interact with the canine immune system by modulating T cell responses and preventing dendritic cell maturation

Junginger

Raue

Wolf

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Parasite co-evolution alongside the mammalian immune system gave rise to several modulatory strategies by which they prevent exaggerated pathology and facilitate a longer worm survival. As little is known about the immunoregulatory potential of the zoonotic canine parasites Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in the natural host, the present study aimed to investigate whether their larval excretory-secretory (ES) products can modulate the canine immune system. We demonstrated TcES to increase the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3high T cells, while both AcES and TcES were associated with elevated Helios expression in Foxp3high lymphocytes. ES products were further capable of inducing IL-10 production by lymphocytes, which was mainly attributed to CD8+ T cells. ES treatment of PBMCs prior to mitogen stimulation inhibited polyclonal proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, monocyte-derived ES-pulsed dendritic cells reduced upregulation of MHC-II and CD80 in response to lipopolysaccharide. The data showed that regulation of the canine immune system by A. caninum and T. canis larvae comprises the modification of antigen-specific and polyclonal T cell responses and dendritic cell maturation.

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Immunologic relevance of the cuticle and epicuticle of larval Dirofilaria immitis and Toxocara canis

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Study of specific IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Gnathostoma spinigerum

Study of specific IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Gnathostoma spinigerum

Feline heartworm disease: A clinical review

Zoonotic intestinal helminths interact with the canine immune system by modulating T cell responses and preventing dendritic cell maturation

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