Immunologic Studies with Malleomyces Mallei and Malleomyces Pseudomallei. II. Agglutination and Complement Fixation Tests in Man and Laboratory Animals

Cravitz, Leo; Miller, Winston R.

doi:10.1093/infdis/86.1.52

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Radiology may reveal abcesses in multiple organs including lungs, liver, and spleen, but these abcesses are indistinguishable from those caused by other disease and specific diagnosis is required [26]. While there is no validated in vitro diagnostic test for glanders, experimental serological tests, such as agglutination and complement fixation tests [27-29], and PCR based tests [30] have been used on a limited and experimental basis in solipeds as an alternative to isolating the organism. An indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) used to diagnose melioidosis in endemic regions can also be used to diagnosis glanders [31].…”

Section: Description Of Human Glandersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glanders: an overview of infection in humans

Zandt

Greer

Gelhaus

2013

Orphanet J Rare Dis

134

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease, primarily of solipds. In the developed world, glanders has been eradicated. However, prior use of B. mallei as a biological weapon and its high mortality in inhalation animal studies has affirmed B. mallei as a biodefense concern. This threat requires the development of new glanders medical countermeasures (MCMs), as there is a lack of an effective vaccine and lengthy courses of multiple antibiotics needed to eradicate B. mallei. Here, we present a literature review of human glanders in which we discuss the clinical epidemiology and risk factors, potential routes of exposure, symptoms, the incubation period, and specific diagnostics. This review focuses on pulmonary glanders, as this is the most likely outcome of a biological weapons attack. Additionally, we outline current treatment regimens and propose a clinical definition of human pulmonary glanders infection.

show abstract

Section: Description Of Human Glandersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glanders: an overview of infection in humans

Zandt

Greer

Gelhaus

2013

Orphanet J Rare Dis

134

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The CFT for glanders is so far the only officially recognized serological test in international trade of equidae. The CFT has a sensitivity of at least 97% [14] but a notable number of unspecific, false positive results occur [15-18]. False positive results due to cross-reactions may be seen in horses suffering from strangles, equine influenza or petechial fever.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Western blot technique for the serodiagnosis of glanders

Elschner

Scholz²,

Melzer

et al. 2011

BMC Vet Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThe in vivo diagnosis of glanders relies on the highly sensitive complement fixation test (CFT). Frequently observed false positive results are troublesome for veterinary authorities and cause financial losses to animal owners. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a test with high specificity. Hence, a Western blot assay making use of a partly purified lipopolysaccaride (LPS) containing antigen of three Burkholderia mallei strains was developed. The test was validated investigating a comprehensive set of positive and negative sera obtained from horses and mules from endemic and non endemic areas.ResultsThe developed Western blot assay showed a markedly higher diagnostic specificity when compared to the prescribed CFT and therefore can be used as a confirmatory test. However, the CFT remains the test of choice for routine testing of glanders due to its high sensitivity, its feasibility using standard laboratory equipment and its worldwide distribution in diagnostic laboratories.ConclusionsThe CFT should be amended by the newly validated Western blot to increase the positive likelihood ratio of glanders serodiagnosis in non endemic areas or areas with low glanders prevalence. Its use for international trade of horses and mules should be implemented by the OIE.

show abstract

“…25 Currently, mallein (allergic hypersensitivity test) and serological tests, including complement fixation test (CFT) indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), counter immunoelectrophoresis test (CIET), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are used for the diagnosis of glanders. 8,10,12,13,18,27,[38][39][40]43 Nevertheless, some serological procedures are complex, biological reagent dependent, whereas others require trained personnel and expensive equipment, rendering these unsuitable for field application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT) was evaluated for the diagnosis of equine glanders, and its diagnostic efficiency was compared with that of mallein and other serological tests, including indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), complement fixation test (CFT), and modified counter immunoelectrophoresis test (mCIET). Sera from 70 naturally infected culture-positive, 96 potentially exposed cohorts, and 110 healthy equines were tested. All tests but mCIET showed 100% specificity when testing the sera from glanders-negative equines. The calculated sensitivities of RBT, IHAT, CFT, mCIET, and mallein test when testing culture-positive equines were 90.0, 97.1, 91.4, 81.4, and 75.7%, respectively. The RBT was significantly (P < 0.05) more sensitive than the mallein test and mCIET. The positive and negative predictive values of each test (RBT, IHAT, CFT, mallein test, and mCIET) were as follows: 100 and 94, 100 and 98.2, 100 and 96.7, 100 and 86.6, and 90.5 and 88.6, respectively. On comparing glandered and nonglandered animals, the highest agreement (0.987) was found between RBT and CFT followed by RBT and IHAT (0.940), RBT and mallein test (0.871), and RBT and mCIET (0.852). Because the RBT is simpler and rapid to perform, the inclusion of the test as a supplementary test for the diagnosis of glanders in field conditions is recommended.

show abstract

Immunologic Studies with Malleomyces Mallei and Malleomyces Pseudomallei. II. Agglutination and Complement Fixation Tests in Man and Laboratory Animals

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Glanders: an overview of infection in humans

Glanders: an overview of infection in humans

Use of a Western blot technique for the serodiagnosis of glanders

Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About